Zinc is a trace mineral that is important for immune function, wound healing, and growth and development. Low levels of zinc can cause impaired immune function and other health problems.
Carnosine, a dipeptide of histidine and beta-alanine, is a zinc-binding molecule. Elevated carnosine may reduce zinc bioavailability and contribute to zinc deficiency. Zinc is required as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in protein and DNA synthesis, immune function, and sensory perception.
Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that can bind zinc. High cysteine levels may decrease zinc absorption in the intestines. Zinc deficiency impairs immune function, wound healing, and sensory perception and can cause skin lesions and altered taste and smell.
S. A. Smith, J. A. McMahon, J. R. Rink, J. D. Linder. The Cysteine-rich Domain of the DHHC3 Palmitoyltransferase Is Palmitoylated and Contains Tightly Bound Zinc. Journal of Biological Chemistry (2016). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925820395442
Robert J. Cousins, Lorraine Lanningham-Foster. Regulation of Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein, a Zinc Finger Protein, by Mediators of the Immune Response. The Journal of Infectious Diseases (2000). https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/182/Supplement_1/S81/2191607
Histidine is a zinc-binding amino acid. Increased histidine levels may indicate zinc deficiency by sequestering zinc and reducing its bioavailability. Zinc deficiency can lead to skin lesions, impaired wound healing, altered taste and smell, and immune dysfunction.
R. A. M. de Oliveira, L. M. da Silva, R. A. C. Ferreira, M. A. S. da Silva, C. A. R. Siqueira, M. A. S. de Oliveira. Interaction between Histidine and Zn(II) Metal Ions over a Wide pH as a Potential Mechanism for Zinc Bioavailability. Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2013). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp4041937
Y. S. Lee, S. Y. Lee, M. Y. Kim, S. H. Kim, J. M. Lee, S. H. Cho, Y. S. Chun, J. Y. Kim, S. W. Lee. d-Histidine and l-histidine attenuate zinc-induced neuronal death in GT1-7 cells. Metallomics (2014). https://academic.oup.com/metallomics/article/5/5/453/6007614
M. L. L. L Brewer. A histidine supplement and regulation of the zinc status in Swiss random bred rats. The Journal of Nutrition (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1702673/
S. M. C. S. de Oliveira, M. A. S. de Oliveira, A. A. S. de Oliveira, M. A. S. da Silva, C. A. R. Siqueira. Supplementation with L-Histidine during Dietary Zinc Repletion Improves Zinc Bioavailability to the Brain. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry (2022). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622142859
Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that may interact with zinc absorption and metabolism. Elevated methionine could potentially reduce zinc bioavailability. Zinc is essential for immune function, sensory perception, and as a cofactor for enzymes in protein and DNA synthesis.
Yun Chang, Jian Mei, Teng Yang, Zhiyu Zhang, Guang Liu, Haiming Zhao, Xue Chen, Guang Tian, Jie Cai, Bing Wu, Fang Wu, and Gang Jia. Zinc Methionine Improves the Growth Performance of Meat Ducks by Enhancing the Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function. Frontiers in Microbiology (2022). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.849067/full
Jianjun Zhou, Xiaohua Li, and Yongqiang Liu. Bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties of zinc methionine. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17012778/
