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Omega 3 and Omega 6
Omega 3 and Omega 6 are essential fatty acids that play important roles in heart health, brain function, and inflammation. An imbalance of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the diet may contribute to chronic diseases such as heart disease and autoimmune disorders.
iollo markers that associate with Omega 3 and Omega 6
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid. Higher arachidonic acid levels would decrease the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio.References
References
[Author 1], [Author 2], …, [Author N]. The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism. [Jornal Name] (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10301273/[Author 1], [Author 2], …, [Author N]. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk of Obesity. [Jornal Name] (2018). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/128[Author 1], [Author 2], …, [Author N]. Cracking the code: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids’ impact on glucose metabolism. [Jornal Name] (2023). https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230613/Cracking-the-code-omega-3-and-omega-6-fatty-acids-impact-on-glucose-metabolism.aspx[Author 1], [Author 2], …, [Author N]. Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. [Jornal Name] (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308533/
Docosahexaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid. Higher levels of DHA would directly increase the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio.References
References
Ivana Djuricic, Philip C. Calder. Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308533/Michal Havel, Jirí Jankovský, et al.. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk of Obesity. Nutrients (2017). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/128Spyridon N. Karras, et al.. DHA/EPA (Omega-3) and LA/GLA (Omega-6) as Bioactive Molecules. Nutrients (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10341783/
Eicosadienoic acid
Eicosadienoic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid. Elevated levels would shift the balance toward more omega-6.References
References
James H. O’Keefe, D. Williamson, and P. O’Keefe. The Importance of Maintaining a Low Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio for Reducing the Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Asthma, and Allergies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2022). https://www.jacc.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.029Y. Wang, D. Xu, and J. Zhao. Higher ratio of plasma omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is associated with increased all-cause, cancer, and CVD mortality in a large US cohort. eLife (2023). https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/90132v2Alessandro Antonietti, et al.. Associations between Dietary Intake, Blood Levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Reading Abilities in Children. Biomolecules (2023). https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/2/368
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid. Higher EPA levels would increase the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio.References
References
Simopoulos, A. P.. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk of Obesity in Humans: A Review. Nutrients (2016). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/128Wijendran, V., & Hayes, K. C.. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids have distinct effects on endothelial function. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327821000995Delgado-Lista, J., et al.. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, in the bloodstream of healthy adults worldwide. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (2015). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782715300333Rizos, E. C., et al.. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9920307/Djuricic, I., & Calder, P. C.. Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308533/
Eicosatrienoic acid
Eicosatrienoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid, so higher levels would increase the omega-3 to omega-6 ratio.References
References
Staff of the Linus Pauling Institute. Essential Fatty Acids and Skin Health | Linus Pauling Institute. Linus Pauling Institute (2021). https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/health-disease/skin-health/essential-fatty-acidsJames J DiNicolantonio, James OKeefe. Importance of maintaining a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio for reducing platelet aggregation, coagulation and thrombosis. NCBI (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6546183/Dariush Mozaffarian, Frank B Hu. Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease | Circulation. Circulation (2014). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012534Mateusz Cholewski, Monika Tomczykowa, Michał Tomczyk. A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Nutrients (2018). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/11/1662
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid competes with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for incorporation into cell membranes. Higher levels may lower omega-3 and 6.References
References
Simopoulos, A.P.. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk of Obesity. Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People (2011). https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/329753Turpeinen, A.M., et al.. Palmitic acid (16:0) competes with omega-6 linoleic and omega-3 α-linolenic acid for incorporation into cell membranes. FASEB Journal (2015). https://fasebj.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.15-271783
Stearic acid
Stearic acid can be converted to oleic acid, an omega-9 fatty acid. Higher stearic acid may reduce omega-3 and omega-6 levels.References
References
Simopoulos, A.P.. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk … Experimental Biology and Medicine (2008). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840179/Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B.. Omega-3 Versus Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Nutrients (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037798/Genova Diagnostics. FATTY ACIDS SUPPORT GUIDE. nan (nan). https://www.gdx.net/uk/core-uk/support-guides-uk/fatty-acid-support-guide.pdfSimopoulos, A.P.. The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine (2002). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5444823_The_Importance_of_the_Omega-6Omega-3_Fatty_Acid_Ratio_in_Cardiovascular_Disease_and_Other_Chronic_DiseasesRazak, M.A., Ismail, A., Khazaai, H., Rahmat, A.. The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10301273/