Explore by Lab Marker
HIV 1 & 2*
HIV 1 & 2 are the two main types of human immunodeficiency virus that can lead to AIDS. HIV infection can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the virus or viral RNA.
iollo markers that associate with HIV 1 & 2*
Kynurenine
Kynurenine, a metabolite of tryptophan catabolism, is elevated in HIV infection due to increased immune activation and inflammation.References
References
Allers, K., Ostergaard, L. L., Nielsen, H. L., Pedersen, C. A., Obel, N., Nielsen, H. M., … & Gerstoft, J.. Alterations in the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism and Depression in People Living with HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (2021). https://journals.lww.com/jaids/fulltext/2021/06010/alterations_in_the_kynurenine_pathway_of.1.aspxSchwarcz, R., Pellicciari, R., & Hayaishi, O.. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States. International Journal of Tryptophan Research (2001). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.4137/IJTR.S2097Hunt, P. W., O’Brien, K. K., & Ananworanich, J.. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Catabolism, CD4+ T-Cell Recovery, and Immune Activation in Treated HIV Disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases (2016). https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/210/3/383/2908602
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine metabolism may be altered in HIV infection. Phenylalanine is a precursor to dopamine which is dysregulated in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.References
References
Wu, F., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Li, J., Li, X., & Wang, Y.. Increased blood phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio in HIV-1 infection and its association with HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses (2010). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889159109005157Sabatino, L., Ghiara, P., & De Rossi, A.. CD4-Modified Synthetic Peptides Containing Phenylalanine Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Induced Syncytia Formation. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1994). https://journals.lww.com/jaids/abstract/1994/02000/cd4_modified_synthetic_peptides_containing.5.aspxWang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, J., Li, X., & Wang, Y.. Discovery of Phenylalanine Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors. Molecules (2018). https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/9/2268Fernández-Fuentes, I., et al.. Modulation of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism in HIV-1 Infection: Effects of Oral Probiotics Supplementation. Nutrients (2020). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/7/2130
Tryptophan
Tryptophan catabolism into kynurenine is increased by inflammation and immune activation in HIV infection, leading to lower tryptophan levels.References
References
Gelpi, M., Vestad, B., Raju, S. C., Hansen, S. H., Hogh, J., Midttun, O., … & Pedersen, C.. Tryptophan catabolism and immune activation in primary and chronic HIV infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5434617/Bektas, C., & Heller, D.. The kynurenine pathway in HIV, frailty and inflammaging - Frontiers. Frontiers in Immunology (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244622/fullWang, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., … & Wang, J.. Tryptophan Metabolism Activates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in HIV-1 Infection. mBio (2019). https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.02591-19Jenabian, M. A., El-Far, M., Vyboh, K., Kema, I., Costiniuk, C. T., Thomas, R., … & Mallal, S.. Immunosuppressive tryptophan catabolism and gut mucosal dysfunction following early HIV infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases (2015). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4311146/