Creatine kinase/CK
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. High levels of CK can indicate damage to these tissues, such as after a heart attack or muscle injury.
iollo markers that associate with Creatine kinase/CK
Acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine, synthesized from carnitine and acetyl-CoA, helps maintain mitochondrial function. Skeletal muscle injury associated with elevated CK could disrupt acetylcarnitine metabolism.
References
References
Paola Brancaccio, Nicola Maffulli, Francesco Mario Limongelli. Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. British Medical Bulletin (2007). https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/81-82/1/209/283873
Klepochova et al.. Correlation between skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine and creatine kinase in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Nature (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53221-x
Siamak Moghadam-Kia, Chester V. Oddis, Rohit Aggarwal. Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Current Rheumatology Reports (2017). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-017-0640-1
Carnitine
Carnitine helps transport fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production in skeletal muscle. Muscle damage or disease marked by high CK levels may impair carnitine utilization and increase circulating carnitine.
References
References
Muscaritoli M, Guida S, Barrea L, Capuano A, Gnoni A, Colao A, Squadrito F. Creatine, L-Carnitine, and ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Sports: A Systematic Review. Nutrients (2014). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163371/
Muscaritoli M, Gnoni A, Colao A. Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Muscle Diseases. Nutrients (2014). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163371/
Sugino K, Nakamura T, Kubota S, et al.. Alteration of the serum myostatin level following L-carnitine treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Functional Nutrition (2020). https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijfn.2020.4
Koga Y, Itoh H, Kawamura S. Macro creatine kinase in a case of carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency. Clinical Chemistry (1992). https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article-abstract/36/11/1997/5648732
ScienceDirect Topics. Creatine Kinase - an overview. ScienceDirect (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/creatine-kinase
Creatinine
Creatinine is formed from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle. Increased creatine kinase levels indicate muscle damage or disease and will elevate blood creatinine levels.
References
References
Cleveland Clinic. Creatine Kinase (CK): What It Is, Purpose & Procedure. Cleveland Clinic Health Library (2022). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22692-creatine-kinase-ck
Henry J. Vander, Joann S. Airhart, J. Cesar Cabrera, John E. Gerlt, Roger M. Freeman. Creatinine Kinase - Clinical Methods - NCBI Bookshelf. NCBI Bookshelf (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK352/
Nick Flynn. CK – What does it stand for?. PMC - NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7656996/
Lactic acid
Lactic acid builds up when oxygen is limited, such as during intense exercise or with muscle damage. Elevated CK and lactate together can indicate muscle injury or disease.
References
References
Miyamoto, T., Oguma, Y., Sato, Y., et al.. Elevated Creatine Kinase and Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase and Decreased Osteocalcin and Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin are Associated with Bone Stress Injuries in Young Female Athletes. Scientific Reports (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36982-0
Styrkarsdottir U., et al.. Common and rare variants associating with serum levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Nature Communications (2016). https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12263