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Chlamydia*
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can be diagnosed through a urine test or genital swab.
iollo markers that associate with Chlamydia*
Kynurenine
Kynurenine is a metabolite produced from tryptophan catabolism. Chlamydia infection upregulates IDO activity, increasing the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine.
L. J. H. van de Wijgert, S. M. van der Burg, J. J. O’Hanlon, S. A. F. T. van der Meijden, A. M. J. Schalkwijk, J. J. B. Baeten, and C. M. de Jong. “Influence of the tryptophan-indole-IFNγ axis on human genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: role of vaginal co-infections”. BMC Infectious Diseases (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30832593/
L. J. H. van de Wijgert, S. M. van der Burg, J. J. O’Hanlon, S. A. F. T. van der Meijden, A. M. J. Schalkwijk, J. J. B. Baeten, and C. M. de Jong. “Dysbiosis of the Vaginal Microbiota and Higher Vaginal Kynurenine/Tryptophan Ratio Levels in Women with an Active Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5778109/
N. M. Schmid, J. A. M. van Seters, L. J. H. van de Wijgert, S. M. van der Burg, and C. M. de Jong. “Vaginal kynurenine and tryptophan levels according to women’s chlamydial infection status and their association with vaginal cytokine response”. Research Gate (2018). https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Vaginal-kynurenine-and-tryptophan-levels-according-to-womens-chlamydial-infection_fig2_322569691
S. M. van der Burg, L. J. H. van de Wijgert, J. J. O’Hanlon, S. A. F. T. van der Meijden, A. M. J. Schalkwijk, J. J. B. Baeten, and C. M. de Jong. “c-Myc plays a key role in IFN-γ-induced persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis in epithelial cells”. eLife (2022). https://elifesciences.org/articles/76721
Tryptophan
Chlamydia infection can lead to increased tryptophan catabolism via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme activity, resulting in lower tryptophan levels.
[not specified]. “Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity by Levo-1 … Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates”. Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257928/
[not specified]. “Pregnancy, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and chlamydial infection”. Immunology and Cell Biology (2008). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378113508003957
[not specified]. “IFN-γ activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human cells is an antiparasitic and an antibacterial effector mechanism”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (2019). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2019.00372/full
[not specified]. “Dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in chlamydiae”. Genome Biology (2002). https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2002-3-9-research0051