Triiodothyronine (T3) Free
Triiodothyronine (T3) Free is one of the main thyroid hormones and is important for regulating metabolism. High or low levels of T3 Free can indicate thyroid dysfunction.
iollo markers that associate with Triiodothyronine (T3) Free
Alanine
Thyroid hormones like T3 stimulate alanine release from muscle and increase circulating alanine levels.
References
References
Not specified. Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism - PMC - NCBI. Not specified (Not specified). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/
Not specified. Triiodothyronine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. ScienceDirect (Not specified). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/triiodothyronine
Not specified. Triiodothyronine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. ScienceDirect (Not specified). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/triiodothyronine
W. Russell, R. F. Harrison, N. Smith, K. Darzy, S. Shalet, A. P. Weetman, R. J. Ross. Free Triiodothyronine Has a Distinct Circadian Rhythm That Is Delayed but Parallels Thyrotropin Levels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2008). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2674
J. Kohrle, G. Brabant, K. Dixit, Yap B, Strasburger CJ, et al.. Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone - Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf. Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285545/
Lactic acid
T3 increases metabolic rate and glucose utilization, which can lead to increased lactic acid production.
References
References
E. E. Kim, S. J. Lee, H. J. Lee, Y. J. Jang, H. S. Kim, Y. M. Kim, S. Y. Kim, H. J. Choi, S. Y. Lee, Y. J. Choi, J. H. Lee, and M. K. Kim. Lactation Duration and Long-Term Thyroid Function: A Study among Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073731/
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine can be converted to tyrosine, which is needed for T3 synthesis. High phenylalanine levels may increase T3.
References
References
Liu, S., Shen, S., Yan, Y., et al.. Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority. Nature Communications (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31154-1
ScienceDirect Topics. Triiodothyronine - an overview. ScienceDirect Topics (2024). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/triiodothyronine
PMC - NCBI. Main Factors Involved in Thyroid Hormone Action. PMC - NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8658769/
ScienceDirect Topics. Triiodothyronine - an overview. ScienceDirect Topics (2024). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/triiodothyronine
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is involved in regulating TSH release from the pituitary gland, which stimulates T3 production by the thyroid.
References
References
J. L. Gloaguen, J. P. D. Sealey, and J. M. Manning. Effect of a Tryptophan Deficiency on Thyroid Gland, Growth Hormone … General and Comparative Endocrinology (2023). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623256060
M. C. J. M. van der Heide, J. W. Koopmans, J. P. J. H. van den Berg, and A. J. M. Jansen. Interactions between thyroid hormone and tryptophan transport in rat liver … American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism (1997). https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.5.E809
S. Fekete, L. Csontos, and T. Kovacs. Effect of tryptophan on the early tri-iodothyronine uptake in mouse … Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10870040/
Tyrosine
Tyrosine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones including T3. Increased tyrosine availability can increase T3 production.
References
References
Karunakaran S, Leung A, Pearce EN, Braverman LE, Bogazzi F, Tomisti L, Di Bello V, Martino E, Nayak B, Burman K, Siegel RD, Lee SL. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. NCBI Bookshelf (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/
Nygaard B, Jensen EW, Kvetny J, Jarlov A, Faber J. Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy in patients with hypothyroidism, a double-blind, randomised cross-over study. European Journal of Endocrinology (2009). https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/161/6/895.xml
Celi FS, Bolk N, Wouters PJ, Tissing WJ, Berghout A. Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical and psychological symptoms in patients with hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Endocrinology (2011). https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/165/2/243.xml
Woeber KA. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism: approaching the ideal replacement regimen. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2010). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/95/6/2456/2538214