Lead
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body and cause neurological, reproductive, and other health problems. Measuring blood lead levels can help assess exposure and guide treatment, especially in children.
iollo markers that associate with Lead
5-Aminovaleric acid
5-Aminovaleric acid is a metabolite of lysine that can accumulate due to inhibition of lysine catabolism enzymes by lead toxicity. Elevated 5-aminovaleric acid may indicate impaired lysine metabolism from lead exposure.
References
References
Kong, L., Zhang, M., Liu, Y., & Wang, X.. Diet- and microbiota-related metabolite, 5-aminovaleric acid, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism (2022). https://www.cell.com/trends/endocrinology-metabolism/fulltext/S1043-2760(22)00061-3
Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zhao, Y., & Wang, X.. Metabolic and Transcriptomic Changes in the Mouse Brain after Lead Exposure. Journal of Neurochemistry (2023). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jnc.15678
Homocysteine
Lead exposure is associated with elevated homocysteine levels, likely due to lead’s inhibition of enzymes in the methylation cycle that metabolize homocysteine. High homocysteine is a marker of impaired methylation and is associated with lead toxicity.
References
References
Y.M. Lee, M.K. Lee, S.G. Bae, S.H. Lee, S.Y. Kim, D.H. Lee. “Blood lead, cadmium and mercury in relation to homocysteine and C-reactive protein: the Normative Aging Study”. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514469/
S. Kasperczyk, I. Błaszczyk, M. Dobrakowski, E. Romuk, L. Kapka-Skrzypczak, M. Adamek, E. Birkner. “Exposure to lead affects male biothiols metabolism”. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514469/
Y.M. Lee, M.K. Lee, S.G. Bae, S.H. Lee, S.Y. Kim, D.H. Lee. “Association of homocysteine levels with blood lead levels and micronutrients in the US general population”. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3514469/
M. Yakub, M.P. Iqbal. “Association of blood lead (pb) and plasma homocysteine: A cross sectional survey in karachi, pakistan”. PLoS ONE (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895968/
E.F. Krieg Jr., M.A. Butler. “Blood lead, serum homocysteine, and neurobehavioral test performance in the third national health and nutrition examination survey”. Neurotoxicology (2009). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0161813X09000047
J.H. Schafer, T.A. Glass, J. Bressler, A.C. Todd, B.S. Schwartz. “Blood lead is a predictor of homocysteine levels in a population-based study of older adults”. Environmental Health Perspectives (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253757/