Explore by Lab Marker
Protein
Urine Protein is a measure of the amount of protein in the urine. High levels of urine protein (proteinuria) may indicate kidney disease or damage.
iollo markers that associate with Protein
Alanine
Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be produced from the breakdown of proteins or carbohydrates. It is involved in the glucose-alanine cycle between muscle and liver.References
References
ScienceDirect Topics. Alanine Cycle. ScienceDirect Topics (nan). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/alanineJung Myung Seok, Kim Dong Hoon, Kim Hyun, et al.. l-Alanine activates hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates systemic glucose metabolism. Nutrients (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197624/ScienceDirect Topics. Alanine - an overview. ScienceDirect Topics (nan). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alanineDamuni Z, Caudwell FB, Cohen P. Key role of L-alanine in the control of hepatic protein synthesis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry (1978). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147587/URMC / Encyclopedia / Content Search Encyclopedia. Alanine. URMC Health Encyclopedia (nan). https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contentid=Alanine&contenttypeid=19
Glutamine
Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body and is involved in protein synthesis, immune function, and intestinal health. Glutamine levels may reflect overall protein status.References
References
Zhang M, Guo Y, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Wang J, Liu J. Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients (2019). https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/4/861Parry-Billings M, Blachier F, Ferguson J, Rowbottom DG, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation, and Clinical Implications. Advances in Nutrition (2019). https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/10/suppl_1/S38/5532182
Isoleucine
Isoleucine is the third branched-chain amino acid that plays a central role in protein synthesis and energy metabolism.References
References
Chung-Yang Yeh, Lucas C.S. Chini, Jessica W. Davidson, Gonzalo G. Garcia, Meredith S. Gallagher, Isaac T. Freichels, Mariah F. Calubag, Allison C. Rodgers, Cara L. Green, Reji Babygirija. Late-life isoleucine restriction promotes physiological and molecular signatures of healthy aging. Aging Cell (2023). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acel.13750Hao Liu, Jun Sun, Shuang Jiang, Na Jiao, Li Huang, Xiang Xuan Yuan, Guan Qing Li, Wei Yang. Effects of dietary isoleucine supplementation on the production performance, health status and cecal microbiota of Arbor Acre broiler chickens. Microorganisms (2023). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/2/236Shi Ma, Kai Zhang, Shi Shi, Li Xin, Chun Cao, Pei Chen, Hao Liu. Low-protein diets supplemented with isoleucine alleviate lipid deposition in broilers through activating 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. Poultry Science (2023). https://academic.oup.com/ps/article/102/5/10116867EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). The nutritional role of the amino acid l-isoleucine: safety and efficacy of l-isoleucine produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 for all animal species. EFSA Journal (2020). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6021
Leucine
Leucine is one of the branched-chain amino acids that are key components of proteins. Leucine levels correlate with protein consumption and muscle protein synthesis.References
References
The International Society of Sports Nutrition. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2017). https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8Xiang, L., & Li, J.. Research progress in the role and mechanism of Leucine in regulating animal growth and development. Frontiers in Nutrition (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10691278/Morton, R. W., et al.. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis with plasma leucine variables. Physiological Reports (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37537134/Anthony, J. C., et al.. Orally Administered Leucine Stimulates Protein Synthesis in Human Muscle. Journal of Nutrition (2022). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622110047
Lysine
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is critical for protein synthesis, especially for collagen, and may be a limiting factor in some cereal-based diets.References
References
Britannica. Lysine, an amino acid released in the hydrolysis of many common proteins but present in small amounts or lacking in certain plant proteins. Britannica (2024). https://www.britannica.com/science/lysineShamimul Hasan, Mark A Crenshaw, Shengfa F Liao. Dietary lysine affects amino acid metabolism and growth in young growing pigs. NCBI (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6986777/Xiaohui Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, Xin Zhang, et al.. l-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth in rats. NCBI (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10651908/
Methionine
Methionine is an essential amino acid that plays important roles in protein synthesis, methylation reactions, and the production of cysteine and glutathione.References
References
H.J. van der Drift, R.J. Brinkman, and H. Vehling. Methionine: A metabolically unique amino acid. BioFactors (2007). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141307004192S.M. Matthews, J.M. Gonzalez, and M.A. Torres. Methionine Nutrition and Metabolism:Insights from Animal Models. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care (2022). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622024294Wikipedia contributors. Methionine. Wikipedia (2023). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is one of the essential amino acids that make up proteins. Higher phenylalanine levels may reflect increased protein intake or turnover.References
References
Dwight E. Matthews. An Overview of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Kinetics in Humans. Journal of Nutrition (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268015/Katherine E. O’Daly, et al.. Protein Substitutes in PKU; Their Historical Evolution. Nutrients (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912909/
Proline
Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is important for the structure of collagen and other proteins. Proline levels may be influenced by protein intake.References
References
Sergey Melnikov, Justine Mailliot, Lukas Rigger, Sandro Neuner, Byung‐Sik Shin, Gulnara Yusupova, Thomas E Dever, Ronald Micura. Molecular insights into protein synthesis with proline residues. PMC (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283605/Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy. The Multifaceted Roles of Proline in Cell Behavior. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (2021). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.728576/fullSergey Melnikov, Justine Mailliot, Lukas Rigger, Sandro Neuner, Byung‐Sik Shin, Gulnara Yusupova, Thomas E Dever, Ronald Micura. Molecular insights into protein synthesis with proline residues. PMC (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283605/Alexander A. Morgan, Edward Rubenstein. Proline: The Distribution, Frequency, Positioning, and Common … - NCBI. NCBI (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556072/
Tyrosine
Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid that can be produced from phenylalanine. It is a precursor for neurotransmitters and hormones and is found in many proteins.References
References
Mahta Moinpour, Natalie K. Barker, Lindsay E. Guzman, John C. Jewett, Paul R. Langlais, Jacob C. Schwartz. Discriminating changes in protein structure using tyrosine conjugation. Journal of Protein Science (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380675/Shohei Koide, Sachdev S. Sidhu. The Importance of Being Tyrosine: Lessons in Molecular Recognition from Minimalist Synthetic Binding Proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology (2011). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829252/ScienceDirect Topics. Tyrosine - an overview. ScienceDirect (2023). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/tyrosineN. Bagheri, H. Chen, M. Rabasovic, et al.. Non-fluorescent transient states of tyrosine as a basis for label-free protein conformation and interaction studies. Scientific Reports (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57054-6ScienceDirect Topics. Tyrosine - an overview. ScienceDirect (2023). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/tyrosine
Valine
Valine, like leucine, is a branched-chain amino acid that is an important building block for proteins, especially in muscle.References
References
Radzicka, A., & Wolfenden, R.. Clusters of isoleucine, leucine, and valine side chains define cores of stability in partially folded states of TIM barrel proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815418/Wang, Y., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, L.. Dietary Valine Ameliorated Gut Health and Accelerated the Development of Secondary Follicles in Laying Hens. Animals (2021). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/8/2294Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, L.. The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2023). https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40104-023-00927-z