Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and metabolism. High levels of leptin are associated with obesity and insulin resistance.
Alanine is a gluconeogenic amino acid that can influence glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling, indirectly impacting leptin production from adipose tissue.
Glutamine supplementation has been shown to reduce leptin levels and body fat in humans, likely by modulating insulin sensitivity and metabolic pathways.