Apolipoprotein A1 is a protein found in HDL cholesterol and is used to estimate the total number of HDL particles in the blood. Low levels of Apolipoprotein A1 are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
Arachidonic acid can be incorporated into phospholipids in HDL particles. Its levels may influence HDL inflammatory properties and apoA1 function.
Benoiˆt Lamarche, Sital Moorjani, Paul J. Lupien, Bernard Cantin, Paul-Marie Bernard, Gilles R. Dagenais, and Jean-Pierre Despre´s. Apolipoprotein A-I and B Levels and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease During a Five-Year Follow-up of Men in the Que´bec. Circulation (2001). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.cir.94.3.273
Hao Zhang, Jie Wu, Jian Zhang, and Jianzhong Shen. Arachidonic acid is associated with dyslipidemia and cholesterol-related lipoprotein metabolism signatures. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760855/
Mohamed Aly AbdelHafez. Protective and therapeutic potentials of HDL and ApoA1 in COVID-19 elderly and chronic illness patients. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9330984/
J. W. Jukema, A. J. van der Steen, A. J. van Veldhuisen, and P. A. Doevendans. Apolipoprotein A1 Is a Stronger Prognostic Marker Than Are HDL Cholesterol Levels for Cardiovascular Disease. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A (2005). https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/61/12/1262/537524
Sangvanich, P., et al.. Transfer and Enzyme-Mediated Metabolism of Oxidized Phosphatidylcholine and Lysophosphatidylcholine Species in Human Plasma. Molecules (2020). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/11/1045
Lysophosphatidylcholine is generated from phosphatidylcholine in HDL by enzymes like LCAT, affecting HDL maturation and apoA1 levels. LPC a C18:2 is a common species.
Takahiro Nakano, Hiroshi Kuwahara, Toshihiko Uchida, and Takashi Gojobori. Identification of plasmalogens in Bifidobacterium longum, but not in other bacteria: a comparative study using phospholipase A1 and acid hydrolysis. Scientific Reports (2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57309-7
Jennifer E. Ho, et al.. HDL Phospholipids, but Not Cholesterol Distinguish Acute Coronary Syndrome from Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585356/
Sangvanich, P., et al.. Transfer and Enzyme-Mediated Metabolism of Oxidized Phosphatidylcholine and Lysophosphatidylcholine Species in Human Atherosclerosis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (2020). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/11/1045
Yingyue Zhang, et al.. Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Lysophosphatidylcholine and Ceramide as Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10138920/
CDC, Division of Laboratory Sciences. A Review of Efforts to Improve Lipid Stability during Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics. CDC Stacks (2021). https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/98606/cdc_98606_DS1.pdf
Phosphatidylcholine composition in HDL influences particle size, cholesterol efflux capacity and other functions related to apoA1.
Nanjee MN, Chapman MJ, Watts GF, Barter PJ, Tsimikas S. Acute Effects of Intravenous Infusion of ApoA1/Phosphatidylcholine Discs on Plasma Lipoproteins in Humans. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (1999). https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.19.4.979
Li X, Li X, Liang X, Li X, Li X. Nanoengineering Apolipoprotein A1‐Based Immunotherapeutics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2021.06.001
Gutierrez-Hermosillo H, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Tovar-Palacio E, et al.. Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lipids in Health and Disease (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1048-x
The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholines in HDL, including species like PC aa C36:4, affects HDL’s ability to accept cholesterol via apoA1.
Elin Rebecka Carlsson, Kristine H. Allin, Sten Madsbad, Mogens Fenger. “Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study”. Lipids in Health and Disease (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6729082/
Phosphatidylcholine is a key component of HDL particles, of which apolipoprotein A1 is the main structural protein. Changes in phosphatidylcholine composition can affect HDL function and apoA1 levels.
Sjögren S, Sjöholm K, Olbers T, Näslund E, Arner P, Arner P. “Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese patients”. Metabolites (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488158/
Xu X, Song Z, Mao B, Xu G. “Apolipoprotein A1-Related Proteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Antiatherosclerosis Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives”. BioMed Research International (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8763555/
Highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholine species like PC aa C36:6 are enriched in HDL and influence HDL’s atheroprotective properties, which are mediated by apoA1.
M. S. Sabatine, J. A. Giugliano, S. Cannon, et al.. Apolipoprotein A1 Infusions and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2400969
M. J. Covington, J. M. Shaw, J. A. Kuivenhoven, et al.. Acute Effects of Intravenous Infusion of ApoA1/Phosphatidylcholine Discs on Plasma Lipoproteins in Humans. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (1999). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.19.4.979
PC aa C38:5 is an unsaturated phospholipid that may be enriched in HDL, with effects on HDL function and apoA1 interactions.
M. C. Phillips, J. J. Albers. Effects of Intravenous Apolipoprotein A-I/Phosphatidylcholine Discs on HDL Metabolism and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (2003). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.ATV.0000089328.23279.3F
