Lyme*
Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Blood tests can detect antibodies to the bacteria, indicating current or past infection.
iollo markers that associate with Lyme*
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid involved in inflammatory processes. Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia bacteria, triggers inflammation that may alter arachidonic acid levels.
References
References
Not specified. Borrelia burgdorferi hijacks cellular metabolism of immune cells. Scientific Reports (2019). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877959X19302389
Wojciech Łuczaj, Anna Moniuszko, Magdalena Rusak, Joanna Zajkowska, Sławomir Pancewicz, Elżbieta Skrzydlewska. Peroxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid in the course of Lyme arthritis. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (2015). https://www.aaem.pl/pdf-72304-9532?filename=Peroxidative+metabolism.pdf
Not specified. Host Metabolic Response in Early Lyme Disease. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262776/
Not specified. Lyme Disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lipid Immunogens. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2022). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.1c12202
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone released in response to stress and inflammation. Lyme infection may stimulate cortisol production as part of the body’s immune and stress response to the bacteria.
References
References
Dr. Todd Maderis. Hormones in Lyme Disease. drtoddmaderis.com (2022). https://drtoddmaderis.com/hormones-in-lyme-disease
Lars Brudin, Ingela Nilsson, Inga-Lill Björkholm, Agneta Hallengren, Pär Froste, MC, JE, IE, and PF. Mapping of hormones and cortisol responses in patients after Lyme neuroborreliosis. BMC Infectious Diseases (2010). https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-10-37
John Aucott, MD, and Brian Fallon, MD, MPH. Post-Treatment Lyme Syndrome and Central Sensitization. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2015). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4324004/
Raphael B. Stricker, MD, and John J. Halperin, MD. Post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: a critical review. Frontiers in Medicine (2019). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2019.00144/full
Kynurenine
Kynurenine is produced from tryptophan catabolism and is involved in regulating immune function. Lyme-induced inflammation may shift tryptophan breakdown toward kynurenine production.
References
References
Kurt-Wolfram Sühs, Natalia Novoselova, Maike Kuhn, Lena Seegers, Volkhard Kaever, Kirsten Müller-Vahl, Corinna Trebst, Thomas Skripuletz, Martin Stangel, Frank Pessler. “Kynurenine Is a Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for Bacterial and Viral Central Nervous System Infections”. The Journal of Infectious Diseases (2019). https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/220/1/127/5307059
J. N. Khachaturian, K. A. Krause, R. C. Moeller, J. M. Belman, A. Halperin, D. J. Brenner. “Neuroactive kynurenines in Lyme borreliosis”. Journal of Neuroimmunology (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1531156/
Ronny Wickström, Åsa Fowler, Michel Goiny, Vincent Millischer, Sofia Ygberg. “The Kynurenine Pathway is Differentially Activated in Children with Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Encephalitis”. Frontiers in Immunology (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913947/