Aspartic acid is a precursor for purine bases. Higher aspartate levels may increase purine synthesis and uric acid generation.
Raya-Cano, E., Vaquero-Abellán, M., Molina-Luque, R.. Association between metabolic syndrome and uric acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22025-2
Glutamine provides nitrogen for increased purine synthesis, which can lead to higher uric acid production when purines are catabolized.
Shen, M., Chen, H., Li, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, X.. Alteration in plasma free amino acid levels and its association with gout. Journal of Renal Nutrition (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664792/
Glycine is used in de novo purine synthesis. Increased glycine availability can promote purine production and downstream uric acid formation.
Murakami, M., et al.. Combined Supplementation with Glycine and Tryptophan Reduces Serum Uric Acid Concentrations in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia. Nutrients (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893627/
Murakami, M., et al.. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. American Journal of Medicine (2023). https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2870%2980027-4/abstract
Murakami, M., et al.. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471320/
Hypoxanthine is a purine derivative that is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to form xanthine and subsequently uric acid. Elevated hypoxanthine contributes to higher uric acid levels.
Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Q.. Study on the diagnosis of gout with xanthine and hypoxanthine. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595306/
Xanthine is a purine base that is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to form uric acid. Increased xanthine levels directly lead to increased uric acid production.
Yoshifumi Ishibashi, Yusuke Nakamura, Hiroshi Saito, Hiroshi Kawashiri, Yukio Ozaki, Shigetaka Noma, Masahiro Kawakami. Diurnal Variations in Serum Uric Acid, Xanthine, and Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Male Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Hypertension Research (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00891-7
Masaharu Nagao, Hiroshi Kawabata, Katsuhiko Kawano, Hirotaka Watanabe, Tetsuo Noda, Hiroshi Koyama. Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum. Journal of Chromatography B (2006). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157002320600225X
