iollo markers that associate with Uric Acid, Serum
Aspartic Acid
Aspartic acid is a precursor for purine bases. Higher aspartate levels may increase purine synthesis and uric acid generation.References
References
Raya-Cano, E., Vaquero-Abellán, M., Molina-Luque, R.. Association between metabolic syndrome and uric acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22025-2Unknown. STUDIES IN URIC ACID METABOLISM. ScienceDirect.com (2018). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925818864158/pdf?md5=ad5a006e1c845db7b6c7d817c1b4fb35&pid=1-s2.0-S0021925818864158-main.pdfUnknown. Influence of d-Amino Acids in Beer on Formation of Uric Acid. PMC - NCBI (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6902295/Unknown. Aspartic Acid in Health and Disease. PMC - NCBI (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10536334/Unknown. Toxic effects of l-aspartic acid at high dose levels on kidneys and salivary glands. Toxicology Letters (2008). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691508002378
Glutamic Acid
Glutamic acid can increase purine nucleotide synthesis via amidophosphoribosyltransferase stimulation, potentially raising uric acid levels.References
References
Medscape Drugs & Conditions. Uric Acid: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels. Medscape (2023). https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2088516-overviewRashika El Ridi, et al.. Physiological functions and pathogenic potential of uric acid. World Journal of Clinical Cases (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5512149/M. A. Thambyrajah, et al.. Uric Acid, Hyperuricemia and Vascular Diseases. PMC - NCBI (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3247913/
Glutamine
Glutamine provides nitrogen for increased purine synthesis, which can lead to higher uric acid production when purines are catabolized.References
References
Shen, M., Chen, H., Li, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, X.. Alteration in plasma free amino acid levels and its association with gout. Journal of Renal Nutrition (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664792/Gutman, A. B., & Yu, T. F.. An abnormality of glutamine metabolism in primary gout. American Journal of Medicine (1964). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0002934363902444
Glycine
Glycine is used in de novo purine synthesis. Increased glycine availability can promote purine production and downstream uric acid formation.References
References
Murakami, M., et al.. Combined Supplementation with Glycine and Tryptophan Reduces Serum Uric Acid Concentrations in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia. Nutrients (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893627/Murakami, M., et al.. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. American Journal of Medicine (2023). https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2870%2980027-4/abstractMurakami, M., et al.. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Research Gate (2023). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331603583_Serum_Uric_Acid-Lowering_Effects_of_Combined_Glycine_and_Tryptophan_Treatments_in_Subjects_with_Mild_Hyperuricemia_A_Randomized_Double-Blind_Placebo-Controlled_Crossover_StudyMurakami, M., et al.. Serum Uric Acid-Lowering Effects of Combined Glycine and Tryptophan Treatments in Subjects with Mild Hyperuricemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471320/Kelley, W. N., et al.. Effect of glycine loading on plasma and urinary uric acid and amino acids in gouty and nongouty subjects. The American Journal of Medicine (1970). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002934370800274
Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine is a purine derivative that is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to form xanthine and subsequently uric acid. Elevated hypoxanthine contributes to higher uric acid levels.References
References
Zhao, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Q.. Study on the diagnosis of gout with xanthine and hypoxanthine. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6595306/
Xanthine
Xanthine is a purine base that is oxidized by xanthine oxidase to form uric acid. Increased xanthine levels directly lead to increased uric acid production.References
References
Yoshifumi Ishibashi, Yusuke Nakamura, Hiroshi Saito, Hiroshi Kawashiri, Yukio Ozaki, Shigetaka Noma, Masahiro Kawakami. Diurnal Variations in Serum Uric Acid, Xanthine, and Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Male Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Hypertension Research (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00891-7Masaharu Nagao, Hiroshi Kawabata, Katsuhiko Kawano, Hirotaka Watanabe, Tetsuo Noda, Hiroshi Koyama. Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum. Journal of Chromatography B (2006). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157002320600225XHiroshi Sekizuka. Uric acid, xanthine oxidase, and vascular damage. Hypertension Research (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00891-7