Explore by Lab Marker
Bilirubin
Urine Bilirubin is a measure of the amount of bilirubin in the urine. The presence of bilirubin in the urine may indicate liver disease or certain types of anemia.
iollo markers that associate with Bilirubin
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid that conjugates with bilirubin in the liver for elimination. Problems with this process may increase bilirubin.References
References
Yue Zhang, Jing Wang, Xiaofan Zhang, Xiaoyan Xu, Xiaohong Wang, Wei Zhang, Xiaoxia Han, Ying Zhang, Jian Yang, and Xiaohong Li. Bile acid profiles in adult patients with biliary atresia who achieve native liver survival. Nature Communications (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52969-6J. P. Fernandes, A. R. Dias, M. J. Ferreira, and A. M. P. Gomes. Quantifying Serum Level of Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890890/Bingting Chen, Yu Bai, Fenglian Tong, Junlin Yan, Rui Zhang, Yewei Zhong, Huiwen Tan, and Xiaoli Ma. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid regulates bile acids level and alters gut microbiota and glycolipid metabolism to attenuate diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Research (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10054359/
Glycocholic acid
Glycocholic acid is a bile acid conjugate that incorporates bilirubin for excretion. Disruption of this pathway can increase bilirubin.References
References
Song, WS., Park, HM., Ha, J.M.. Discovery of glycocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid as phenotypic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma. Scientific Reports (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29445-zTrauner M, Fickert P, Schuppan D, et al.. Bile acids decrease intracellular bilirubin levels in the cholestatic liver. Hepatology (2013). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.26537
Glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic acid participates in bilirubin conjugation and excretion. Impairment of this bile acid may raise bilirubin levels.References
References
Bingting Chen, Yu Bai, Fenglian Tong, Junlin Yan, Rui Zhang, Yewei Zhong, Huiwen Tan, Xiaoli Ma. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid regulates bile acids level and alters gut microbiota and glycolipid metabolism to attenuate diabetes. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10054359/Y. Shen, J. Bai. Bile acid profiles in adult patients with biliary atresia who achieve native liver survival. Scientific Reports (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52969-6J. Alnouti, J. Trottier, S. Zhang, et al.. Glycodeoxycholic Acid Levels as Prognostic Biomarker in Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Toxicological Sciences (2014). https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article/142/2/436/3064906
Taurine
Taurine conjugates with bile acids like bilirubin in the liver to aid in their excretion. Impaired taurine conjugation can lead to elevated bilirubin levels.References
References
Fujii, H., & Kataoka, Y.. Taurine and its analogs in neurological disorders. NCBI (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6536745/Kageyama, S., et al.. Taurine protects against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Journal of Neurochemistry (2010). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000689931000106XOda, T., et al.. Taurine attenuates bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in the auditory system. Neuroscience Research (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273639/Yamao, J., et al.. Significance of Taurine Conjugation of Bile Acid in the Biliary Excretion of Bilirubin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (1996). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-0182-8_12
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid conjugates with bilirubin as part of the bile acid excretion pathway. Disruption can lead to higher bilirubin levels.References
References
Novotny L, Vitek L, Okoye G, Zimmer J, Sung J, P G, Deering T, Nambu N, Hackett SF, Melia M, Esumi N, Zack DJ, Campochiaro PA. Constituents of Bile, Bilirubin and TUDCA, Protect Against Oxidative … Experimental Biology and Medicine (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083853/Greimel A, Habler K, Gräfe C, et al.. Extracorporeal adsorption of protective and toxic bile acids and bilirubin in patients with cholestatic liver dysfunction: a prospective study. Annals of Intensive Care (2023). https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-023-01198-7Unknown. Bile acid profiles in adult patients with biliary atresia who achieve native liver survival. Nature Communications (2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52969-6Unknown. Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on serum liver enzymes and dyspeptic symptoms in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. International Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2005). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011393X05806599Unknown. Bile acids decrease intracellular bilirubin levels in the cholestatic liver. PLoS One (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3822628/
Taurocholic acid
Taurocholic acid is a major bile acid conjugate that incorporates bilirubin for excretion. Impairment of taurocholic acid production can raise bilirubin levels.References
References
M.C. Carey, M.J. Pettengell. “Biliary inter-relationship between phospholipid, bilirubin and taurocholate in the anaesthetized rat”. Clinical Science (London) (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6478750/J.A. Cox, R.A. Fisher, J.P. Connolly, D.J. Klaassen. “Maximal hepatic bilirubin transport in the rat during somatostatin-induced cholestasis and taurocholate-choleresis”. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6133900/K.S. Lee, S.Y. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.H. Park, S.K. Han. “Bile acids decrease intracellular bilirubin levels in the cholestatic liver”. PLOS ONE (2013). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038226
Taurodeoxycholic acid
Taurodeoxycholic acid is involved in bile acid conjugation of bilirubin for elimination. Reduced function could increase bilirubin.References
References
Francesca Mancuso, Francesca Diotallevi, Francesca Ciccone, Marco Pane, Andrea Calabrese, Massimo Corbo, and Antonio Di Renzo. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: a potential therapeutic tool in neurodegenerative diseases. Translational Neurodegeneration (2022). https://translationalneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40035-022-00307-zL. Novotny, L. Vitek, J.D. Ostrow, C.J. Steer. Constituents of Bile, Bilirubin and TUDCA, Protect Against Oxidative Injury. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083853/Magdalena Kusaczuk. Tauroursodeoxycholate—Bile Acid with Chaperoning Activity. Molecules (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6952947/E. S. Seo, J. H. Kim, M. H. Kim, Y. S. Kim, S. Y. Kim, J. Y. Chung, S. H. Kim, J. H. Park, S. H. Lee. Effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on serum liver enzymes and dyspeptic symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia. Journal of Gastroenterology (2005). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011393X05806599J. Kapitulnik, M. Bar-Or, E. H. Bencze, J. P. Rich, R. S. Manning, and M. H. Levin. Lipid peroxidation is not the primary mechanism of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Nature Reviews Neurology (2012). https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2012111