Get Started
Explore by Lab Panels
- Allergy Testing
- Autoimmune Panel
- Blood Panel
- Coagulation Panel
- Complete Blood Count
- Electrolyte Panel
- Genetic Risk Assessment
- Heavy Metal Panel
- Hormone Panel
- Inflammation Panel
- Kidney Panel
- Lipid Panel
- Liver Panel
- Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
- Nutrients Panel
- Pancreatic Panel
- STD Testing
- Thyroid Panel
- Tick-Borne Disease Panel
- Urinalysis
Explore by Lab Marker
- ABO
- Adiponectin
- Albumin
- Albumin/Globulin Ratio
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
- Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
- Amylase
- Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
- Anion Gap Panel
- Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)*
- Apolipoprotein A1
- Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
- Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
- Basophils
- Bicarbonate
- Blood Urea Nitrogen
- BUN/Creatinine Ratio
- Chlamydia*
- Chloride
- Carbon Dioxide
- Copper
- Cortisol
- Creatine kinase/CK
- Creatinine
- DHEA-S
- Eosinophils
- Ferritin
- Fibrinogen
- Food Allergy Profile (IgE)*
- Free T4 Index (T7)
- Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
- Globulin
- Glucose
- Gonorrhea*
- hCG: Pregnancy Test*
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol
- Hematocrit
- Hemoglobin
- HIV 1 & 2*
- Homocysteine
- High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 & 2 (IgG)*
- Indoor & Outdoor Allergies (varies regionally)*
- Insulin
- Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
- Lead
- Leptin
- Lipase
- Lipoprotein (a)
- Lipoprotein Fractionation
- Lymphocytes
- Lyme*
- Magnesium
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
- Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
- Mercury
- Microalbumin
- Methylmalonic Acid (MMA)
- Monocytes
- Mean Platelet Volume
- Neutrophils
- Omega 3 and Omega 6
- Phosphate - serum/plasma
- Platelet Count
- Potassium
- Prolactin
- Red Blood Cell
- Red Cell Dist Width (RDW)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Factor (RF)
- Selenium*
- Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
- Sodium
- Triiodothyronine (T3) Free
- T3 Uptake
- Thyroxine (T4) Free
- Testosterone, Free
- Testosterone, Total
- Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb)
- Total Bilirubin
- Total Cholesterol
- Total Protein
- Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO)
- Trichomoniasis*
- Triglycerides
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Uric Acid, Serum
- Bacteria
- Bilirubin
- Hyaline Casts
- Leukocytes
- Nitrite
- Protein
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy
- White Blood Cell
- Zinc
Copper
Copper is a trace mineral that is important for the formation of collagen, hemoglobin, and certain enzymes. Both high and low levels of copper can cause health problems.
iollo markers that associate with Copper
Histidine
Histidine is involved in copper absorption in the intestines. Altered histidine levels may impact copper uptake and status.
H. Sigel, M. Sigel. Copper(II)-histidine stereochemistry. Structure of L-histidinato-D … Journal of the American Chemical Society (1978). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00477a020
J. Lee, J. Kim, S. Lee, H. Lee, H. Kim, J. Choi, S. Kim. Exogenous addition of histidine reduces copper availability … - NCBI. Nucleic Acids Research (2014). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5349156/
A. Turnlund, E. H. Smith, J. W. Cook, J. W. Anderson. Absorption of copper and copper–histidine complexes across the … Amino Acids (2007). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-007-0203-2
S. M. Schwartz, J. M. Masiello. Inhibition of copper absorption by zinc. Effect of histidine - PubMed. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1726403/
P. Deschamps, P. P. Kulkarni, M. Gautam-Basak, B. Sarkar. The saga of copper(II)–l-histidine. Biochemistry (2005). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854504002371
Turnlund, J. R., Keyes, W. R., Peiffer, G. L., & Crawford, D. L.. Inhibition of copper absorption by zinc. Effect of histidine. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine (1982). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1726403/
Roy, S., & Lönnerdal, B.. Absorption of copper and copper–histidine complexes across the brush-border membrane of rat intestinal cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (2008). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00360-007-0203-2
Sarkar, B., Deschamps, P. D., Kulkarni, P. P., Gautam-Basak, M., & Liu, J.. The Structure of Copper(II)-Histidine Chelate. Journal of Biological Chemistry (2018). https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258%2818%2999395-6/pdf
Roy, S., & Lönnerdal, B.. Absorption of copper and copper-histidine complexes across the brush-border membrane of freshwater rainbow trout intestine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17724600/
Methionine
Methionine interacts with copper in the methionine cycle and is involved in copper regulation. Methionine changes can influence copper status.
David S. Weber, Jeffrey J. Warren. A survey of methionine-aromatic interaction geometries in the oxidoreductase class of enzymes: What could Met-aromatic interactions be doing near metal sites?. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry (2018). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0162013417307572
Parthasarathy, A.; Cross, P.J.; Dobson, R.C.; Adams, L.E.; Savka, M.A.; Hudson, A.O.. Dysregulated Choline, Methionine, and Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in the Jackson Toxic Milk Mouse Model of Wilson Disease. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences (2018). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8867573/
Wang Z., Cerrate S., Coto C., Yan F., Waldroup P. W.. Effect of methionine and trace minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) supplementation on growth performance of broilers subjected to Eimeria challenge. International Journal of Poultry Science (2007). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228498999_Evaluation_of_Mintrex%C2%AE_copper_as_a_source_of_copper_in_broiler_diets
Wang Y., Yin X., Yin D., Lei Z., Mahmood T., Yuan J.. Effect of methionine and trace minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) supplementation on growth performance of broilers subjected to Eimeria challenge. Animal Nutrition (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9720122/