Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. High or low levels of lymphocytes can indicate infection, autoimmune disorders, or other health problems.
iollo markers that associate with Lymphocytes
Alanine
Alanine is another amino acid that can be used as an energy substrate by lymphocytes. Alterations in alanine availability may impact lymphocyte metabolism.
References
References
Xiaohui Li, Chunxue Wang, Huan Zhang, Xiaoyan Ding, Xiaohong Wang, Jianbo Zhou, Shuang Liu, Hongbin Chen, Yongxin Wu, Jun Zhao, Yongping Du, Qian Dong, Qingfeng Li, Jian Wang. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and aspartate-to-alanine aminotransferase ratios predict hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis after transarterial chemoembolization. NCBI (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690744/
Takuma Kobayashi, Yuki Matsuzawa, Yusuke Nakamura, Hiroshi Saito, Masahiro Koyama, Yasuhiro Izumi, Tadashi Ishii, Hiroshi Tanaka, Hiroshi Yatsuzuka. The Associations Between Alanine Aminotransferase and Other Clinical Parameters in a General Population. NCBI (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9988735/
Arginine
Arginine is important for lymphocyte proliferation and is metabolized to immune-modulating compounds like nitric oxide. Arginine changes can affect lymphocyte function.
References
References
Morris, S. A., & Sullivan, T. J.. Effects of L-Arginine on the Proliferation of T Lymphocyte. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (2001). https://aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/014860710102500123
Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E.. Effects of l-Arginine Supplementation on Human Lymphocyte Proliferation. The Journal of Nutrition (1997). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480497950824
Rodriguez, P. C., Quiceno, D. G., & Ochoa, A. C.. l-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression. Journal of Immunology (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794048/
Glutamine
Glutamine is an important fuel source for rapidly dividing lymphocytes and supports lymphocyte proliferation and function. Low glutamine levels may impair lymphocyte activity.
References
References
Newsholme, P., & Newsholme, E.A.. Glutamine Uptake and Metabolism Are Coordinately Regulated by T Cell Activation. The Journal of Immunology (1989). https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/185/2/1037/83023/Glutamine-Uptake-and-Metabolism-Are-Coordinately
Wu, G., et al.. Lymphocyte proliferation modulated by glutamine: involved in the regulation of intracellular GSH. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine (2007). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905365/
Zhang, Y., et al.. Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response. BMC Bioinformatics (2022). https://biosignaling.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12964-022-00909-0
Pedersen, B.K., & Febbraio, M.A.. Lymphocyte Glucose and Glutamine Metabolism as Targets of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060061/
Glycine
Glycine has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties that may help modulate lymphocyte activation and survival under stress conditions.
References
References
M. Cruz, C. Maldonado-Bernal, R. Mondragón-Gonzalez, et al.. Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-γ in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346417
Methionine
Methionine is required for lymphocyte proliferation and its deficiency has been shown to impair lymphocyte responses. Methionine status may influence lymphocyte numbers.
References
References
Malloy VL, Perrone CE, Mattocks DA, Ables GP, Caliendo NS, Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. “Peptide-Bound Methionine as Methionine Sources for Protein Synthesis and Cell Proliferation”. Metabolism (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623017078
Gao X, Sanderson SM, Dai Z, Reid MA, Cooper DE, Lu M, et al.. “Methionine cycle-dependent regulation of T cells in cancer immunity”. Nature (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1437-3
R. S. Heyland, J. D. Isaacs, and J. J. Wu. “Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by amino acids”. The Journal of Nutrition (2002). https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/132/6/1587S/4687307
Klein Geltink and Pearce. “T Cell Activation: The Importance of Methionine Metabolism”. eLife (2019). https://elifesciences.org/articles/47221
Tryptophan
Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway in lymphocytes can modulate inflammation and immune function. Changes in tryptophan levels may influence lymphocyte activity.
References
References
Seo, SK.; Kwon, B.. Immune regulation through tryptophan metabolism. Experimental and Molecular Medicine (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-01028-7
Kanova, M.. Tryptophan: A Unique Role in the Critically Ill. PMC - NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8583765/
Braun, D.A.; Schett, G.. Tryptophan degradation as a systems phenomenon in inflammation. The Lancet EBioMedicine (2024). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964%2824%2900091-4/fulltext
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. High or low levels of lymphocytes can indicate infection, autoimmune disorders, or other health problems.
iollo markers that associate with Lymphocytes
Alanine
Alanine is another amino acid that can be used as an energy substrate by lymphocytes. Alterations in alanine availability may impact lymphocyte metabolism.
References
References
Xiaohui Li, Chunxue Wang, Huan Zhang, Xiaoyan Ding, Xiaohong Wang, Jianbo Zhou, Shuang Liu, Hongbin Chen, Yongxin Wu, Jun Zhao, Yongping Du, Qian Dong, Qingfeng Li, Jian Wang. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and aspartate-to-alanine aminotransferase ratios predict hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis after transarterial chemoembolization. NCBI (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5690744/
Takuma Kobayashi, Yuki Matsuzawa, Yusuke Nakamura, Hiroshi Saito, Masahiro Koyama, Yasuhiro Izumi, Tadashi Ishii, Hiroshi Tanaka, Hiroshi Yatsuzuka. The Associations Between Alanine Aminotransferase and Other Clinical Parameters in a General Population. NCBI (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9988735/
Arginine
Arginine is important for lymphocyte proliferation and is metabolized to immune-modulating compounds like nitric oxide. Arginine changes can affect lymphocyte function.
References
References
Morris, S. A., & Sullivan, T. J.. Effects of L-Arginine on the Proliferation of T Lymphocyte. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (2001). https://aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1177/014860710102500123
Brosnan, J. T., & Brosnan, M. E.. Effects of l-Arginine Supplementation on Human Lymphocyte Proliferation. The Journal of Nutrition (1997). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022480497950824
Rodriguez, P. C., Quiceno, D. G., & Ochoa, A. C.. l-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression. Journal of Immunology (2005). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794048/
Glutamine
Glutamine is an important fuel source for rapidly dividing lymphocytes and supports lymphocyte proliferation and function. Low glutamine levels may impair lymphocyte activity.
References
References
Newsholme, P., & Newsholme, E.A.. Glutamine Uptake and Metabolism Are Coordinately Regulated by T Cell Activation. The Journal of Immunology (1989). https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/185/2/1037/83023/Glutamine-Uptake-and-Metabolism-Are-Coordinately
Wu, G., et al.. Lymphocyte proliferation modulated by glutamine: involved in the regulation of intracellular GSH. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine (2007). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905365/
Zhang, Y., et al.. Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response. BMC Bioinformatics (2022). https://biosignaling.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12964-022-00909-0
Pedersen, B.K., & Febbraio, M.A.. Lymphocyte Glucose and Glutamine Metabolism as Targets of the Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060061/
Glycine
Glycine has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties that may help modulate lymphocyte activation and survival under stress conditions.
References
References
M. Cruz, C. Maldonado-Bernal, R. Mondragón-Gonzalez, et al.. Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-γ in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346417
Methionine
Methionine is required for lymphocyte proliferation and its deficiency has been shown to impair lymphocyte responses. Methionine status may influence lymphocyte numbers.
References
References
Malloy VL, Perrone CE, Mattocks DA, Ables GP, Caliendo NS, Orentreich DS, Orentreich N. “Peptide-Bound Methionine as Methionine Sources for Protein Synthesis and Cell Proliferation”. Metabolism (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623017078
Gao X, Sanderson SM, Dai Z, Reid MA, Cooper DE, Lu M, et al.. “Methionine cycle-dependent regulation of T cells in cancer immunity”. Nature (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1437-3
R. S. Heyland, J. D. Isaacs, and J. J. Wu. “Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by amino acids”. The Journal of Nutrition (2002). https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/132/6/1587S/4687307
Klein Geltink and Pearce. “T Cell Activation: The Importance of Methionine Metabolism”. eLife (2019). https://elifesciences.org/articles/47221
Tryptophan
Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway in lymphocytes can modulate inflammation and immune function. Changes in tryptophan levels may influence lymphocyte activity.
References
References
Seo, SK.; Kwon, B.. Immune regulation through tryptophan metabolism. Experimental and Molecular Medicine (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-01028-7
Kanova, M.. Tryptophan: A Unique Role in the Critically Ill. PMC - NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8583765/
Braun, D.A.; Schett, G.. Tryptophan degradation as a systems phenomenon in inflammation. The Lancet EBioMedicine (2024). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964%2824%2900091-4/fulltext