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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an electrolyte that helps regulate the body’s acid-base balance. Abnormal levels of CO2 may indicate respiratory or metabolic problems.

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iollo markers that associate with Carbon Dioxide

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Alanine

Alanine is metabolized to pyruvate which can be converted to lactate, contributing to lactic acidosis and increased CO2 levels during anaerobic metabolism.
R. J. W. Arts, J. C. M. Bakker, J. W. Koster, and J. F. M. Westerhof. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health literature. Mitochondrion (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24929216/A. M. C. F. Pereira, J. C. M. Bakker, and J. F. M. Westerhof. Lactic acidosis: an update. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (2016). https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2016-0438/html?lang=enX. Wang, Y. Zhao, and J. F. M. Westerhof. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology (2022). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01151-3

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Lactic acid

Lactic acid levels increase during anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acidosis which decreases blood pH and increases dissolved CO2 levels.
Roberts, J. A., and Hultén, M. A.. L-lactic acidosis: pathophysiology, classification, and causes. Seminars in Liver Disease (2020). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253819308981Forsythe, S. M., and Schnell, M. D.. Lactic Acidosis: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology - Medscape Reference. Medscape Reference (2020-09-11). https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167027-overviewBhagavan, N., et al.. Lactic Acidosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. StatPearls (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470202/Bersin, R. M.. Lactate and lactic acidosis - Acutecaretesting.org. Acutecaretesting.org (2018). https://acutecaretesting.org/en/articles/lactate-and-lactic-acidosis/Khanna, A., et al.. Metabolic Acidosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. StatPearls (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482146/

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Succinic acid

Succinic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Disruption of aerobic cellular respiration can lead to buildup of succinic acid, contributing to metabolic acidosis and increased CO2.
Dirk Roosterman, Graeme Stuart Cottrell. Discovery of a second citric acid cycle complex. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10209337/Dägele D, Scholten E, Renz T, Thomas J, Sinkler R, Both-Fodor M, Antal E, Sz L, Miklóssy I. Substrate type and CO2 addition significantly influence succinic acid production. Biotechnology Letters (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432361/
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