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Monocytes
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that help fight infection and remove damaged tissue. High levels of monocytes can indicate chronic infection or inflammation.
iollo markers that associate with Monocytes
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is released by monocytes and macrophages and serves as a precursor for pro-inflammatory eicosanoids that promote monocyte recruitment and activation.
F. S. P. Wang, T. A. Bracke, J. M. Harlan, J. A. Hoover. Release of Arachidonic Acid by Stimulation of Opsonic Receptors in Human Monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925820752208
J. R. Humes, E. J. Lewis, J. M. Weigand. Arachidonic acid metabolism by human monocytes. Studies with IgG-coated particles. Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6411852/
J. R. Humes, E. J. Lewis, J. M. Weigand. Release of arachidonic acid metabolites by human monocytes: Evidence for a role of phospholipase A2 in the release process. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism (1987). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0090122987900547
A. M. P. de Oliveira, M. A. M. Barbosa, L. F. Ferreira, et al.. Blood Arachidonic Acid and HDL Cholesterol Influence the Phagocytic Activity of Monocytes Isolated from the Blood of Healthy Human Subjects. Cellular and Molecular Biology (2010). https://karger.com/Article/Abstract/321546
M. C. L. S. Lima, A. M. P. de Oliveira, M. A. M. Barbosa, et al.. Neutral Lipids Are Not a Source of Arachidonic Acid for Lipid Mediator Signaling in Human Foamy Monocytes. Frontiers in Immunology (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721759/
Docosahexaenoic acid
DHA has anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce monocyte-mediated inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production and monocyte adhesion.
M. L. Lee, J. B. Schwab, J. M. Tucker, D. J. Millstine, J. R. Middlebrooks, J. A. Cain, R. J. Kleber, M. E. Hulver. The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid favorably affects vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids (2015). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172650/
M. D. Micale, S. M. Vona, M. R. Pistritto, A. M. Tummolo, A. M. Cascio, F. Falsaperla, G. L. Catania, G. M. Ceraolo, M. R. Scalia, G. M. Caramazza, G. P. Di Franco, S. R. Loguercio, G. Favaloro, F. Trischitta. EPA and DHA differentially modulate monocyte inflammatory response in human atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (2020). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021915020315276
Weiqin Chen, Walter J. Esselman, Donald B. Jump, Julia V. Busik. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cytokine-Induced Adhesion Molecule Expression in Human Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (2005). https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182447
Y. Zhang, J. L. Wang, L. Zhang, X. Y. Liu, Y. L. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, Y. Q. Zhang. Dietary fatty acids differentially affect secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human THP-1 monocytes. Nutrients (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10073224/
S. M. Vona, M. D. Micale, M. R. Pistritto, A. M. Tummolo, A. M. Cascio, F. Falsaperla, G. L. Catania, G. M. Ceraolo, M. R. Scalia, G. M. Caramazza, G. P. Di Franco, S. R. Loguercio, G. Favaloro, F. Trischitta. Distinct effects of α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the inflammatory response of human monocytes. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids (2022). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332222015566
Glutamine
Glutamine is an important fuel source for monocytes and macrophages. Glutamine levels can impact monocyte/macrophage function and survival.
Curi, R. de A., Newsholme, P., & Curi, M. R. de A.. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation, and Clinical Implications. Frontiers in Bioscience (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266414/
Siempos, I. I., & Kyriazis, I. S.. Influence of Glutamine on the Phenotype and Function of Human Monocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2021). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006497120764177
Choi, J., et al.. Fructose reprogrammes glutamine-dependent oxidative metabolism in human monocytes. Nature Communications (2021). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21461-4
Newsholme, P.. Why Is L-Glutamine Metabolism Important to Cells of the Immune System?. Journal of Immunology Research (2022). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622145943
Lactic acid
Monocytes and macrophages undergo glycolysis and produce lactic acid, especially in hypoxic and inflammatory environments. Lactic acid can modulate immune cell function.
Brooks, G.A.. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Nature (2022). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-022-01151-3
Haas, J., & Plate, K.H.. Lactic acid delays the inflammatory response of human monocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (2015). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X1500011X
Wei, Y., Chen, J., & Wang, J.. Lactate Is a Metabolic Mediator That Shapes Immune Cell Fate. Frontiers in Immunology (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558259/
Lysophosphatidylcholine a C16:0
Lysophosphatidylcholines are lipid mediators that can activate monocytes and promote their migration to sites of inflammation.
Nanomolar concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine recruit monocytes and induce pro-inflammatory cytokine pro-duction in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Aug 22;372(3):575-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.063. Epub 2008 Jun 25.. Immunomodulatory Actions of Lysophosphatidylcholine. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (2008). https://www.biomolther.org/journal/download_pdf.php?doi=10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2008.16.2.069
nan. The mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine in the regulation of inflammation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (nan). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0024320520301910
nan. The activities of monocyte lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase and coenzyme A-independent transacylase are changed by the inflammatory microenvironment. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (nan). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1388198104002264
nan. Lysophosphatidylcholine Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Foam Cell Formation and Pyroptosis in Human Monocytes and Associated Data. Frontiers in Immunology (nan). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6962110/
Eva Knuplez, Gunther Marsche. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7350010/