Globulin
Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that play a role in immune function and other bodily processes. High or low levels of globulin may indicate liver disease, autoimmune disorders, or other health problems.
iollo markers that associate with Globulin
Alanine
Alanine is an amino acid that can be used to synthesize globulin proteins. Higher alanine levels may support increased globulin production.
References
References
Takahiro Miki, Yoshihisa Fujii, Hirohito Sone, et al.. The Association between Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Liver Enzymes in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Journal (2019). https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0363
Jae Hoon Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Seong Jin Jeong, et al.. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Men. Clinical Endocrinology (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14257
Glutamine
Glutamine is another amino acid that can provide nitrogen for globulin synthesis. Glutamine depletion may impair globulin production.
References
References
Rogero MM, Santos RV, de Sousa EB, de Araujo JS, Artioli GG, Lancha Junior AH. Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520936/
Ma W, Heianza Y, Huang T, Wang T, Sun D, Zheng Y, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Qi L. Dietary glutamine, glutamate and mortality: two large prospective studies in US men and women. International Journal of Epidemiology (2018). https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/47/1/311/4621367
Liang H, Zhang X, Li J, Liang Y, Zhang X, Xu J. The Role of Glutamine in the Complex Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Host. Frontiers in Immunology (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6834172/
Parry-Billings M, Blomfield L, Macdonald A, Macdonald IA, McArdle A, Fowler-Davis S. Dosing and Efficacy of Glutamine Supplementation in Human Studies. Journal of Clinical Medicine (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9056061/
Zhang Y, Cheng J, Wang Y, Liang Y, Wang X, Chen H, Chen L. A glutamine tug-of-war between cancer and immune cells. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research (2024). https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-024-02994-0
Glycine
Glycine is an amino acid that is used in the synthesis of globulin proteins. Reduced glycine availability could limit globulin levels.
References
References
Kornillowicz-Kowalska, N., et al.. Biochemical characterization and stability of immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) solutions formulated with glycine or L-proline. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2016). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045105616301208
Zhao, J., et al.. Glycine-rich proteins in plants: insights into their structure, function, and evolution. Frontiers in Plant Science (2017). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.00578/full