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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High or low levels of TSH can indicate thyroid dysfunction.
iollo markers that associate with Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Carnitine
Thyroid hormones increase carnitine excretion. Low thyroid function and high TSH may increase carnitine retention.References
References
Salvatore Benvenga, Rosaria M. Ruggeri, Antonia Russo, Daniela Lapa, Alfredo Campenni, Francesco Trimarchi. Usefulness of l-Carnitine, A Naturally Occurring Peripheral Antagonist of Thyroid Hormone Action, in Iatrogenic Hyperthyroidism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2001). https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.8.7747M. A. R. D. Santos, M. A. R. Ferreira, C. A. R. Santos, et al.. Thyroid hormones and carnitine in the second trimester negatively affect fetal growth in the setting of severe early-onset intrauterine growth restriction. Frontiers in Endocrinology (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1080969/fullSalvatore Benvenga, Rosaria M. Ruggeri, Antonia Russo, et al.. Thyroid hormones increase carnitine excretion: a true situation of secondary carnitine deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2001). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/86/8/3579/2848640
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, the precursor for thyroid hormones. Phenylalanine deficiency can reduce tyrosine and increase TSH.References
References
Katie Wilkinson, Kimberly Langdon M.D.. L-Tyrosine and Hypothyroidism - Paloma Health. Paloma Health (2024). https://www.palomahealth.com/supplements/l-tyrosine-hypothyroidismUnnamed. The many faces of thyroxine - PMC - NCBI. NCBI (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7242060/Unnamed. Thyroid hormone | biochemistry - Britannica. Britannica (2024). https://www.britannica.com/science/thyroid-hormoneHari Krishnamurthy, Karthik Krishna, Tianhao Wang, John J. Rajasekaran, Karenah Rajasekaran, Vasanth Jayaraman, Swarnkumar Reddy, Xiaorong Song, and Vijay R. Rajasekaran. Effect of Micronutrients on Thyroid Parameters - PMC - NCBI. NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820928/
Taurine
Taurine supports normal thyroid function. Low taurine is associated with hypothyroidism and elevated TSH levels.References
References
Baskin, S.I., Klekotka, S.J., Kendrick, Z.V.. Correlation of platelet taurine levels with thyroid function. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350410Parminder Singh, et al.. Taurine dietary supplementation attenuates brain, thyroid, testicular … Journal of Functional Foods (2017). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314853517300720
Tyrosine
Tyrosine is the precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis. Low tyrosine availability can impair thyroid function and increase TSH levels.References
References
Tariq MA, Jialal I. Physiology, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - StatPearls - NCBI. StatPearls (2024). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499850/Coupling reaction: TPO combines iodinated tyrosine residues to make triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). MIT and DIT join to form… Physiology, Thyroid Hormone - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. StatPearls (2023). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500006/