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Sodium is an electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance in the body. Abnormal levels of sodium may indicate dehydration, kidney disease, or other health problems.

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iollo markers that associate with Sodium

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Carnitine

Carnitine is involved in fatty acid metabolism and can affect sodium transport. Carnitine deficiency may impair sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Nissel R, Bode HH, Koch KM, Luft FC. Effects of L-carnitine on sodium transport in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron (1985). https://doi.org/10.1159/000185826Longo N, Frigeni M, Pasquali M. Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial Channels (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.004

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Choline

Choline is a precursor for acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that regulates many functions including sodium channel activity and fluid balance.
Lukasz Plonek, Anna Plonek, and Ryszard Plonek. “Citicoline: A Superior Form of Choline?”. PMC - NCBI (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683073/Guo-dong He, Xiao-cong Liu, An-shang Lu, and Ying-qing Feng. “Association of Choline Intake with Blood Pressure and Effects of Its Microbiota-Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide on Hypertension”. NCBI (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436605/Not specified. “Choline | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health”. The Nutrition Source (Not specified). https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/choline/

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Glutamic Acid

Glutamic acid is an amino acid involved in neurotransmission and cell signaling. It may influence renal sodium handling and blood pressure regulation.
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS). Re‐evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium glutamate (E 623), ammonium glutamate (E 624) and magnesium glutamate (E 625) as food additives. EFSA Journal (2018). https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.4910
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