Urine Leukocytes are white blood cells that can be detected in the urine. The presence of leukocytes in the urine may indicate a urinary tract infection or other inflammatory condition.
Alanine is an amino acid that can be metabolized by leukocytes as an energy source to support immune cell function and proliferation. Elevated alanine levels may reflect increased leukocyte activity.
Hye-Jin Kim, Hyun-Jung Lee, Eun-Jung Lee, et al.. Associations of White Blood Cell Count, Alanine Aminotransferase, and Aspartate Aminotransferase in the First Trimester. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27469912/
Dong-Hyun Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Yong-Jin Kim, et al.. Comparison of alanine aminotransferase, white blood cell count, and uric acid with metabolic syndrome and its components. Med Sci Monit (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31958336/
Glutamine is a key fuel source for leukocytes and is important for leukocyte proliferation and function. Low glutamine levels can impair immune response.
M. R. S. Khan, S. A. Ahmad, M. A. Khan, and A. A. Khan. Glutamine Metabolism and Its Role in Immunity, a Comprehensive Review. Journal of Biological Sciences (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7070879/
J. Y. Kim, H. C. Yoo, and J. H. Kim. Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism | Experimental & Molecular Medicine. Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-020-00504-8
Lactic acid is produced by leukocytes during inflammation and infection. Elevated lactic acid may indicate increased leukocyte activity and anaerobic metabolism.
Wang, Y., et al.. “Adipocyte-derived lactate is a signalling metabolite that regulates macrophage activation and polarisation”. Nature Communications (2022). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32871-3
