Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein that binds to testosterone and estradiol in the blood, regulating their availability for use by the body. High or low levels of SHBG can affect the availability of these hormones and cause symptoms such as decreased libido or infertility.
iollo markers that associate with Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)
Alanine
Alanine is a gluconeogenic amino acid that can promote insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with lower SHBG levels.
References
References
Hua, X., Li, M., Pan, F., et al.. Inverse Relationship between Hepatic Steatosis and Alanine Aminotransferase with Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Men. Scientific Reports (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15232-9
Hua, X., Li, M., Pan, F., et al.. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an influencing factor for the association of SHBG with metabolic syndrome in diabetes patients. Scientific Reports (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15232-9
Cortisol
Cortisol, a glucocorticoid stress hormone, suppresses SHBG production in the liver. Chronically elevated cortisol is linked to lower SHBG levels.
References
References
M. A. Ganong, J. A. Knecht, and D. A. Haskell. Stress Induced Cortisol Release Depresses The Secretion of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) in Women. Journal of Women’s Health Issues and Care (2023). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11795514221145841
J. S. Tenover, R. B. Wallace, and R. N. Furlanetto. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin, cardiovascular risk factors, and cortisol in women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (1993). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/002604959390062S
C. L. Mejía-Rodríguez, M. A. Martínez-Abundis, and J. J. Galaviz-Hernández. Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin, corticosteroid-binding globulin and cortisol in overweight subjects who develop impaired fasting glucose: a 3-year prospective study. Hormones and Metabolic Research (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354921/
M. A. Ganong, J. A. Knecht, and D. A. Haskell. Stress Induced Cortisol Release Depresses The Secretion of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) in Women. Journal of Women’s Health Issues and Care (2023). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11795514221145841
S. M. Wang, S. L. Zonderman, and A. A. Kaplan. Associations of cortisol/testosterone and cortisol/sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) ratios with atherosclerosis in a U.S. population. Endocrine Connections (2016). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819892/
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
DHEA-S is a precursor to androgens and estrogens. Higher DHEA-S levels are associated with lower SHBG, as SHBG binds to and regulates sex hormone levels.
References
References
J. S. Kolla, S. E. Rusyniak, A. M. Rusyniak, A. M. Rusyniak. “Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, free testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin in boys and girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder”. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2018). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453018310382
M. J. Kastelan, A. Bulum, D. Bulic, et al.. “Can Low SHBG Serum Concentration Be A Good Early Marker Of Male Hypogonadism?”. Disease Markers (2019). https://dovepress.com/can-low-shbg-serum-concentration-be-a-good-early-marker-of-male-hypogo-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO
Glycine
Glycine is involved in glutathione synthesis and has anti-inflammatory effects. Low glycine may promote inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to reduced SHBG.
References
References
Examine.com. Research Breakdown on Glycine - Examine. Examine.com (2022). https://examine.com/supplements/glycine/research/
Xiang Gao, et al.. Genetic Variants Associated With Glycine Metabolism and Their Role in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes (2013). https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/62/6/2141
Kohjiro Ueda, et al.. Effect of L-ornithine supplementation on serum stress markers. Means of the change from 0 to 8 weeks.. ResearchGate (2018). https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Effect-of-L-ornithine-supplementation-on-serum-stress-markers-Means-of-the-change-from-0_fig4_262814151
Yoshihiro Izumi, et al.. SHBG141–161 Domain-Peptide Stimulates GPRC6A-Mediated cAMP Production in HEK293 Cells. PLOS ONE (2019). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0226192
Yingying Zhang, et al.. Sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) is a potential early diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer. Oncotarget (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6923452/
Xiaofeng Wang, et al.. Relationships between reproductive parameters and GC in women were studied in a prospective study. NCBI (2021). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8272205/