> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood. High levels of triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and other health problems.
## iollo markers that associate with Triglycerides
### Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that can be incorporated into triglycerides. Elevated levels may increase triglyceride production and accumulation.
J. Whelan, M.E. Surette, B. Li-Stiles, et al.. Evidence that dietary arachidonic acid increases circulating triglycerides. *Lipids* (1995). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02536300](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02536300)
N. Tang, Y. Wang, J. Wang, et al.. Arachidonic acid is associated with dyslipidemia and cholesterol-related lipoprotein metabolism signatures. *Nutrients* (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760855/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9760855/)
M.L. Stroes, et al.. Role of triglycerides in endothelial cell arachidonic acid metabolism. *Atherosclerosis* (2001). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002222752037913X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002222752037913X)
### Docosahexaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid. While high omega-3 intake is associated with lower triglycerides, elevated free DHA may still contribute to some triglyceride production.
Mancera, A., Mato, J.M., & Navas, P.. Natural Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Triglyceride Form Attenuates Triglyceride Accumulation in the Liver of Mice - NCBI. *Nutrients* (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537796/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537796/)
Eslick, G.D., & Howe, P.R.. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - ScienceDirect. *Lipids in Health and Disease* (2013). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523020610](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523020610)
Oscarsson, J., Hurt-Camejo, E., & AstraZeneca Gothenburg. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and their mechanisms of action on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in humans: a review - NCBI. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5553798/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5553798/)
Gómez-Soler, M., Cordobilla, B., Morató, X., Fernández-Dueñas, V., Domingo, J.C., & Ciruela, F.. Triglyceride Form of Docosahexaenoic Acid Mediates Neuroprotection in Experimental Parkinsonism - Frontiers. *Frontiers in Neuroscience* (2018). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00604/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00604/full)
Skulas-Ray, A.C., Wilson, P.W\.F., Harris, W\.S., Brinton, E.A., Kris-Etherton, P.M., Richter, C.K., Jacobson, T.A., Engler, M.B., Miller, M., Robinson, J.G., Blum, C.B., Rodriguez-Leyva, D., de Ferranti, S.D., & Welty, F.K.. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association - Ann C. Skulas-Ray , - Peter W\.F. Wilson , - William S. Harris , - Eliot A. Brinton , - Penny M. Kris-Etherton , - Chesney K. Richter , - Terry A. Jacobson , - Mary B. Engler , - Michael Miller , - Jennifer G. Robinson , - Conrad B. Blum , - Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva , - Sarah D. de Ferranti , - Francine K. Welty and - On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology - Annals of the American Heart Association. *Circulation* (2019). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709)
### Eicosapentaenoic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid. While high omega-3 intake is associated with lower triglycerides, elevated free EPA may still contribute to some triglyceride production.
Ann C. Skulas-Ray, Peter W\.F. Wilson, William S. Harris, Eliot A. Brinton, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Chesney K. Richter, Terry A. Jacobson, Mary B. Engler, Michael Miller, Jennifer G. Robinson, Conrad B. Blum, Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva, Sarah D. de Ferranti, Francine K. Welty. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. *Circulation* (2019). [https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709](https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709)
### Myristic acid
Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid found in triglycerides. High levels of myristic acid may promote triglyceride synthesis.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Re-evaluation of fatty acids (E 570) as a food additive. *EFSA* (2017). [https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4785](https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4785)
Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd.. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. *Frontiers in Nutrition* (2022). [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.802805/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.802805/full)
Venn-Watson, S., Lumpkin, R., & Dennis, E.A.. Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential?. *Scientific Reports* (2020). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64960-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64960-y)
### Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids in the body. Elevated free palmitic acid can increase triglyceride synthesis and VLDL secretion from the liver.
Corresponding author.. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. *NCBI* (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8983927/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8983927/)
Jones AG, Hattersley AT, Sundram K, Siew WL, Aminah A, Mamot S. Palmitic acid in the sn-2 position of dietary triacylglycerols does not affect insulin secretion or glucose homeostasis in healthy men and women.. *NCBI* (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155797/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155797/)
ScienceDirect Topics. Palmitic acid is not an essential fatty acid as the infant is capable of de novo synthesis. *ScienceDirect* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/palmitic-acid](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/palmitic-acid)
### Stearic acid
Stearic acid is a common saturated fatty acid that can be incorporated into triglycerides. High levels may promote triglyceride synthesis.
Kostek MC, et al.. Oleic acid inhibits stearic acid-induced inhibition of cell growth and pro-inflammatory responses in human aortic endothelial cells. *Atherosclerosis* (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164353/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164353/)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_34:1)
Triacylglycerides containing palmitic acid (16:0) are one of the most abundant triglyceride species and directly contribute to total serum triglyceride levels.
Ulrich Laufs, Klaus G Parhofer, Henry N Ginsberg, Robert A Hegele. Clinical review on triglycerides. *NCBI* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/)
Circulation - AHA Journals. Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease. *AHA Journals* (2011). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182160726](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182160726)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_36:2)
Triacylglycerides containing palmitic acid (16:0) are one of the most abundant triglyceride species and directly contribute to total serum triglyceride levels.
Circulation - AHA Journals. Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease. *Circulation* (2011). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182160726](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182160726)
Ulrich Laufs, Klaus G Parhofer, Henry N Ginsberg, Robert A Hegele. Clinical review on triglycerides. *NCBI* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/)
Xianlin Han, Hongping Ye. An Overview of Lipidomic Analysis of Triglyceride Molecular Species in Biological Lipid Extracts. *NCBI* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/)
### Triacylglyceride(18:1\_34:1)
Triacylglycerides containing oleic acid (18:1) are one of the most abundant triglyceride species and directly contribute to total serum triglyceride levels.
Nelson J, Budoff M, Wani O, Le V, Patel D, Nelson A and Nemiroff R. Association Between Triglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Events: A Review. *Circulation* (2019). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998)
Xianlin Han, Hongping Ye. An Overview of Lipidomic Analysis of Triglyceride Molecular Species in Biological Lipid Extracts. *Frontiers in Nutrition* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/)
Ulrich Laufs, Klaus G Parhofer, Henry N Ginsberg, Robert A Hegele. Clinical review on triglycerides. *Atherosclerosis* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/)
### Triacylglyceride(18:1\_36:2)
Triacylglycerides containing oleic acid (18:1) are one of the most abundant triglyceride species and directly contribute to total serum triglyceride levels.
ScienceDirect Topics. Triacylglycerol - an overview. *ScienceDirect Topics* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/triacylglycerol](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/triacylglycerol)
Nelson J, Budoff M, Wani O, Le V, Patel D, Nelson A, and Nemiroff R. Association Between Triglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Events. *Circulation* (2019). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998)
Xianlin Han, Hongping Ye. An Overview of Lipidomic Analysis of Triglyceride Molecular Species in Biological Lipid Extracts. *Frontiers in Nutrition* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8374006/)
Ulrich Laufs, Klaus G Parhofer, Henry N Ginsberg, Robert A Hegele. Clinical review on triglycerides. *Clinical Review* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6938588/)