> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Total Cholesterol

Total Cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, including both LDL and HDL cholesterol. High levels of total cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.

## iollo markers that associate with Total Cholesterol

### Cholesteryl ester 18:0

Stearic acid (18:0) cholesteryl esters contribute to total cholesterol, but are a less abundant form than the unsaturated 18-carbon esters.

<Accordion title="References">
  Alonso, M. A., Blesa, D., & Herrero, M. D.. Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters of Eggs from Various Avian Species. *Food Chemistry* (2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003257911935638X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003257911935638X)

  Not Available. CE(18:0) (HMDB0010368). *Human Metabolome Database* (Not Available). [https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0010368](https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0010368)

  Gerl, M. J., Vaz, W. L. C., Domingues, N., Klose, C., Surma, M. A., Sampaio, J. L., ... & Almeida, M. S.. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *PLOS ONE* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/)

  Kovanen, P. T., Männistö, S., & Salonen, J. T.. Serum Phospholipid and Cholesteryl Ester Fatty Acids and Estimated Atherogenic Index in Adolescent Normal- and Overweight Adolescents. *Lipids* (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832613/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2832613/)
</Accordion>

### Cholesteryl ester 18:1

Cholesteryl esters containing oleic acid (18:1) also make up a significant portion of total blood cholesterol and directly impact the total cholesterol level.

<Accordion title="References">
  \[Author 1], \[Author 2]. The Ratio of Unesterified/esterified Cholesterol is the Major Determinant of Cholesterol Homeostasis in the Body. *NCBI* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/)

  \[Author 1], \[Author 2], \[Author 3]. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *Nature Communications* (2018). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33116-4](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33116-4)

  \[Author 1], \[Author 2]. Pharmacological Modulation of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein, a New Therapeutic Target in Atherogenic Dyslipidemia. *Pharmacology & Therapeutics* (2004). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523309602](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523309602)
</Accordion>

### Cholesteryl ester 18:2

Cholesteryl esters, especially those containing linoleic acid (18:2), make up a large portion of total cholesterol in the blood. Higher levels directly contribute to the total cholesterol measurement.

<Accordion title="References">
  Gerl, M.J., Vaz, W\.L.C., Domingues, N.. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *Scientific Reports* (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33116-4](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33116-4)

  Kim, J.B., et al.. The Ratio of Unesterified/esterified Cholesterol is the Major Determinant of Plasma Cholesterol Concentration in Humans. *PLOS ONE* (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193914](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193914)
</Accordion>

### Cholesteryl ester 20:4

Cholesteryl esters containing arachidonic acid (20:4) are another component of total blood cholesterol that has a direct additive effect on the total level.

<Accordion title="References">
  Gerl, M.J., Vaz, W\.L.C., Domingues, N., et al.. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *Scientific Reports* (2018). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33116-4](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33116-4)

  Kim, J.H., Kim, Y.H., Kim, J.K., et al.. The Ratio of Unesterified/esterified Cholesterol is the Major Determinant of Atherogenic Index in Healthy Men. *BioMed Research International* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/)

  Abcam. Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Ester Assay Kit - Detection. *Abcam* (nan). [https://www.abcam.com/products/assay-kits/cholesterol-cholesteryl-ester-assay-kit-detection-ab102515.html](https://www.abcam.com/products/assay-kits/cholesterol-cholesteryl-ester-assay-kit-detection-ab102515.html)

  ScienceDirect Topics. Cholesteryl Ester - an overview. *ScienceDirect* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cholesteryl-ester](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cholesteryl-ester)

  Hodis, H.N., Mack, W\.J., LaBree, L., et al.. A comparison of fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in subjects at different levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. *Arteriosclerosis* (1986). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3568345/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3568345/)
</Accordion>

### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:5

This phosphatidylcholine with polyunsaturated 36:5 fatty acids is also involved in lipoprotein cholesterol transport and can contribute to higher total cholesterol levels.

<Accordion title="References">
  Thomas A. Lagace. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
</Accordion>