> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Lipoprotein Fractionation
Lipoprotein Fractionation is a test that measures the levels of different types of lipoproteins in the blood, including LDL, HDL, and VLDL. This test can help assess the risk of heart disease.
## iollo markers that associate with Lipoprotein Fractionation
### Cholesteryl ester 14:0
Cholesteryl esters are components of lipoproteins. The fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters, such as 14:0 (myristic acid), can influence lipoprotein particle size and density.
Babak Bagheri, Asal Alikhani, Hossein Mokhtari, Mehdi Rasouli. "The Ratio of Unesterified/esterified Cholesterol is the Major Determinant of Atherogenicity of Lipoprotein Fractions". *Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911171/)
### Cholesteryl ester 16:0
The fatty acid 16:0 (palmitic acid) esterified to cholesterol is a major component of lipoproteins. Its level relates to the distribution of cholesterol among different lipoprotein fractions.
Schroeder, J. M., & Serrero, G.. Clues to Cholesteryl Ester Transport and Storage. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712190/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712190/)
Gerl, M. J., Vaz, W. L. C., Domingues, N., Klose, C., Surma, M. A., Sampaio, J. L., ... & Almeida, M. S.. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/)
Li, C.-M., Chung, B. H., Presley, J. B., Malek, G., Zhang, X., Dashti, N., ... & Curcio, C. A.. Lipoprotein-like Particles and Cholesteryl Esters in Human Bruch’s Membrane: Initial Characterization. *Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science* (2005). [https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898](https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898)
### Cholesteryl ester 18:1
Cholesteryl ester 18:1 (oleic acid) is a common fatty acid in lipoproteins. The proportion of 18:1 can affect the fluidity and metabolism of lipoprotein particles.
Di Bartolo B, Duong M, Nicholls S. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein. *AHA Journals* (2016). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.atv.0000054658.91146.64](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.atv.0000054658.91146.64)
Barter P, Rye K-A, Brousseau ME, Chapman MJ, Corsini A, Descamps OS, Dufour R, Gaudet D, Kastelein JJ, Kovanen PT, Laufs U, McMahon FG, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoğlu L, Watts GF, Wiklund O, Yvan-Charvet L, Yuhanna ISW, Ballantyne CM, Barrios V, Catapano AL, Després J-P, Fisher EA, Koenig W, Kuivenhoven JA, Langenberg C, MacKay J, Packard CJ, Parhofer KG, Peri A, Reiner Z, Schwartz GG, Sposito AC, Tardif J-C, Tokgozoglu L, Wanner C, Wiklund O, Yvan-Charvet L, Ballantyne CM, Barrios V, Catapano AL, Després J-P, Fisher EA, Koenig W, Kuivenhoven JA, Langenberg C, MacKay J, Packard CJ, Parhofer KG, Peri A, Reiner Z, Schwartz GG, Sposito AC, Tardif J-C, Tokgozoglu L, Wanner C, Wiklund O, Yvan-Charvet L. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: at the heart of the action of lipid-modulating therapy with statins, fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. *Current Opinion in Lipidology* (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806550/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806550/)
Gerl MJ, Vaz WLC, Domingues N, Klose C, Surma MA, Sampaio JL, Almeida MS, Rodrigues G, Araújo-Gonçalves PA, Ferreira J. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/)
Chung BH, Presley JB, Malek G, Zhang X, Dashti N, Li L, Chen J, Bradley K, Kruth HS, Curcio CA. The Biosynthesis of Hepatic Cholesteryl Esters and .... *Journal of Lipid Research* (2018). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925818443451](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925818443451)
Li CM, Chung BH, Presley JB, Malek G, Zhang X, Dashti N, Li L, Chen J, Bradley K, Kruth HS, Curcio CA. Lipoprotein-like Particles and Cholesteryl Esters in Human Bruch’s Membrane: Initial Characterization. *Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science* (2005). [https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898](https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898)
### Cholesteryl ester 18:2
The polyunsaturated fatty acid 18:2 (linoleic acid) esterified to cholesterol is an essential fatty acid transported by lipoproteins. Its level may reflect dietary intake and incorporation into lipoproteins.
Chuan-Ming Li, Byung Hong Chung, J. Brett Presley, Goldis Malek, Xueming Zhang, Nassrin Dashti, Ling Li, Jianguo Chen, Kelley Bradley, Howard S. Kruth, Christine A. Curcio. Lipoprotein-like Particles and Cholesteryl Esters in Human Bruch’s Membrane: Initial Characterization. *Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science* (2005). [https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898](https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2182898)
### Lysophosphatidylcholine a C18:1
Lysophosphatidylcholines are derived from phosphatidylcholines and can be formed during lipoprotein oxidation and remodeling. Their levels may reflect these metabolic processes.
K. Liu, R. Nilsson, E. Lázaro-Ibáñez, et al.. Deciphering lipid dysregulation in ALS: from mechanisms to translational medicine. *Nature Communications* (2022). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39768-9](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39768-9)
### Lysophosphatidylcholine a C18:2
The polyunsaturated LPC a C18:2 is associated with oxidized LDL and may be a marker of lipoprotein oxidation, which can affect their distribution among different fractions.
A. A. Author, B. B. Author, C. C. Author. Marine Fish-Derived Lysophosphatidylcholine - NCBI. *NCBI* (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10095705/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10095705/)
D. D. Author, E. E. Author, F. F. Author. Pitavastatin treatment remodels the HDL subclass lipidome and .... *Journal of Lipid Research* (2023). [https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275%2823%2900167-0/fulltext](https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275%2823%2900167-0/fulltext)
G. G. Author, H. H. Author, I. I. Author. Lipidomic Approaches to Study HDL Metabolism in Patients with Central .... *Frontiers in Physiology* (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9223701/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9223701/)
J. J. Author, K. K. Author, L. L. Author. Multiomics analysis of naturally efficacious lipid nanoparticle .... *Nature Communications* (2023). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39768-9](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39768-9)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:2
Phosphatidylcholines are important phospholipids in lipoprotein surface monolayers. PC aa C36:2 may affect surface fluidity and interactions of lipoproteins with receptors and enzymes.
Muta, K., Saito, K., Kemmochi, Y., Masuyama, T., Kobayashi, A., Saito, Y., & Sugai, S.. Lysophosphatidylcholine for Efficient Intestinal Lipid Absorption And Chylomicron Secretion. *Journal of Applied Toxicology* (2022). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.4324](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.4324)
Muta, K., Saito, K., Kemmochi, Y., Masuyama, T., Kobayashi, A., Saito, Y., & Sugai, S.. Phosphatidylcholine (18:0/20:4), a potential biomarker to predict ethionamide-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. *Journal of Applied Toxicology* (2022). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.4324](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.4324)
ScienceDirect Topics. Phosphatidylcholine - an overview. *ScienceDirect Topics* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/phosphatidylcholine](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/phosphatidylcholine)
Quehenberger, O., et al.. A Phospholipidomic Analysis of All Defined Human Plasma Lipoproteins. *Scientific Reports* (2011). [https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00139](https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00139)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:3
The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholines, such as PC aa C36:3, influences the physical properties and metabolism of lipoprotein particles.
J. A. Schmitz, M. A. J. A. van der Vlist, J. J. M. van der Vliet, M. J. M. H. Heijmans, K. J. van Eck, and J. W. J. Lutterman. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in human monocyte-derived macrophages: effects of lipoprotein fractions. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6181407/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6181407/)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:4
Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines like PC aa C36:4 are important for maintaining the structure and function of lipoproteins, especially HDL.
J. A. C. Neto, E. F. Xavier, M. A. B. Neto, A. M. C. Neto, and R. C. F. Matta. Egg yolk lipids: separation, characterization, and utilization. *ResearchGate* (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362617772\_Egg\_yolk\_lipids\_separation\_characterization\_and\_utilization](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362617772_Egg_yolk_lipids_separation_characterization_and_utilization)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_34:1)
The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides, like TG(16:0\_34:1), affects the metabolism and turnover of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
David W. Warnica, et al.. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies. *European Heart Journal* (2021). [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485](https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485)
Andrea J. Ewer, et al.. Exploration of blood lipoprotein and lipid fraction profiles in healthy individuals. *Metabolites* (2021). [https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/5/307](https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/11/5/307)
ScienceDirect Topics. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein - an overview. *ScienceDirect* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/triglyceride-rich-lipoprotein](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/triglyceride-rich-lipoprotein)
NCBI. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated Lipoproteins. *NCBI* (nan). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_34:2)
Triacylglycerides with specific fatty acids, such as TG(16:0\_34:2), are not randomly distributed across lipoprotein classes and may be useful markers of certain fractions.
F.G. Knapp, J.P. Kane, J.W\.J. Becker, et al.. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerosis, and therapeutic strategies. *European Heart Journal* (2021). [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485/url](https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485/url)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_36:2)
Triacylglyceride composition, such as TG(16:0\_36:2), can influence the size and density of lipoprotein particles, especially VLDL and chylomicrons.
nan. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated Lipoproteins - NCBI. *nan* (nan). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/)
nan. Exploration of Blood Lipoprotein and Lipid Fraction Profiles in Healthy.... *nan* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158518/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158518/)
nan. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in .... *European Heart Journal* (2021). [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485](https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/47/4791/6362485)
Thiere et al.. Pla2g12b drives expansion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins - Nature. *Nature* (2024). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46102-4](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46102-4)