> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Leptin

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate appetite and metabolism. High levels of leptin are associated with obesity and insulin resistance.

## iollo markers that associate with Leptin

### Alanine

Alanine is a gluconeogenic amino acid that can influence glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling, indirectly impacting leptin production from adipose tissue.

<Accordion title="References">
  E. Quaye, S. Chacko, M. Startzell, and R. J. Brown. Leptin Decreases Gluconeogenesis and Gluconeogenic Substrate .... *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism* (2024). [https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/109/1/e209/7233593?redirectedFrom=fulltext/url](https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/109/1/e209/7233593?redirectedFrom=fulltext/url)
</Accordion>

### Glutamine

Glutamine supplementation has been shown to reduce leptin levels and body fat in humans, likely by modulating insulin sensitivity and metabolic pathways.

<Accordion title="References">
  Ana Maria Carvalheira, et al.. Leptin regulates glutamate and glucose transporters in hypothalamic astrocytes. *Journal of Clinical Investigation* (2010). [https://www.jci.org/articles/view/64102](https://www.jci.org/articles/view/64102)

  Kahlile Youssef Abboud, et al.. Glutamine Links Obesity to Inflammation in Human White Adipose Tissue. *Obesity* (2020). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413119306631](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413119306631)

  Kahlile Youssef Abboud, et al.. Oral Glutamine Supplementation Reduces Obesity, Pro-Inflammatory Markers, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in DIO Wistar Rats and Reduces Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Humans. *Nutrients* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471297/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471297/)

  F. M. Lima, et al.. Effects of glutamine alone or in combination with zinc and vitamin A on growth and morbidity in very low birth weight preterm infants. *Journal of Perinatology* (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S180759322200922X](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S180759322200922X)

  Vinicius Cruzat, et al.. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. *Nutrients* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266414/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6266414/)
</Accordion>

### Glycine

Glycine is an amino acid that may help regulate glucose metabolism and adiposity, thereby affecting circulating leptin concentrations.

<Accordion title="References">
  M. Imenshahidi, H. Hossenzadeh. Glycine Metabolism and Its Alterations in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. *Journal of Endocrinological Investigation* (2019). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40618-021-01720-3](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40618-021-01720-3)
</Accordion>