> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because it can contribute to the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. High levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
## iollo markers that associate with Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol
### Cholesteryl ester 16:0
Cholesteryl esters containing palmitic acid (16:0) are common components of LDL particles and directly contribute to measured LDL cholesterol levels.
A. C. Rigotti, A. M. Gotto Jr., J. L. Witztum. Cholesteryl Esters of Aggregated LDL Are Internalized by Selective Uptake in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. *Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology* (2006). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.0000193618.32611.8b](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.0000193618.32611.8b)
### Cholesteryl ester 18:1
Cholesteryl esters, especially those containing oleic acid (18:1), are major components of LDL particles and directly contribute to measured LDL cholesterol levels.
R. N. Fruchart, J. P. S. Simons, and J. D. Brunzell. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein: at the heart of the action of lipid-modulating therapy with statins, fibrates, niacin, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. *Nature Reviews Drug Discovery* (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806550/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806550/)
Mathias J. Gerl, Winchil L. C. Vaz, Neuza Domingues, Christian Klose, Michal A. Surma, Júlio L. Sampaio, Manuel S. Almeida, Gustavo Rodrigues, Pedro Araújo-Gonçalves, Jorge Ferreira, Claudia Borbinha. Cholesterol is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. *Frontiers in Physiology* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/)
### Cholesteryl ester 18:2
Cholesteryl esters, especially those containing linoleic acid (18:2), are major components of LDL particles and directly contribute to measured LDL cholesterol levels.
M. Krieger, M. L. Barbarash, and R. J. Levy. "Cholesteryl Esters of Aggregated LDL Are Internalized by Selective Uptake in Human Fibroblasts". *Arteriosclerosis* (1984). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.0000193618.32611.8b](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.0000193618.32611.8b)
S. M. Grundy, J. P. Miller, and A. J. Lusis. "Cholesterol Is Inefficiently Converted to Cholesteryl Esters in the Blood of Cardiovascular Disease Patients". *PLOS ONE* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170447/)
### Lysophosphatidylcholine a C18:1
Lysophosphatidylcholines are derived from phosphatidylcholines. Levels of lysoPC a C18:1 may reflect LDL particle remodeling and correlate with LDL cholesterol.
Chang, C.-H., et al.. Lysophosphatidylcholine, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, and Cardiovascular Disease in Hemodialysis Patients. *American Journal of Nephrology* (2018). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487607](https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487607)
Kunitomo, M., et al.. Lysophosphatidylcholine contents in plasma LDL in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. *Atherosclerosis* (2007). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915007001190](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915007001190)
Chang, C.-H., et al.. Lysophosphatidylcholine, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, and Cardiovascular Disease in Hemodialysis Patients. *American Journal of Nephrology* (2018). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487607](https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/487607)
### Lysophosphatidylcholine a C18:2
Lysophosphatidylcholines are derived from phosphatidylcholines. Levels of lysoPC a C18:2 may reflect LDL particle remodeling and correlate with LDL cholesterol.
Han X, Frias JP, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liang B, Zhang Y, Wang N, Liang G, Li X, Li H, et al.. Lysophosphatidylcholine Promotes Cholesterol Efflux From Mouse Macrophage Foam Cells. *Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology* (2007). [https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.atv.17.7.1258](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.atv.17.7.1258)
Ko B, Kim HJ, Kim DH, Kim YJ, Lee J, Kim YS, Kim K, Kim JS, Kim HC, Kim HW, et al.. Lysophosphatidylcholine, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, and Cardiovascular Disease in Hemodialysis Patients. *PLoS One* (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565139/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3565139/)
Lee SH, Lin YH, Cheng HC, Cheng JT. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine: Metabolism, Functions, and Diseases. *BioMed Research International* (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429061/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6429061/)
Kawano H, Yoshida H, Kawashiri MA, Kawakami A, Matsui T, Yokode M, Ishibashi S, Kobayashi J, Matsuzawa Y. Lysophosphatidylcholine Content in Plasma LDL in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. *Journal of Atherosclerosis Thrombosis* (2007). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915007001190](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915007001190)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C34:2
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C34:2 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
Thomas A. Lagace. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
Cohn, J.S.; Kamili, A.; Wat, E.; Chung, R.W\.S.; Tandy, S.. Dietary Phospholipids and Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption. *Nutrients* (2010). [https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/2/116](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/2/116)
Unknown. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation on lipid profile in mild hyperlipidaemic individuals. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society* (2017). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:2
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C36:2 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
Thomas A. Lagace. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
Taina T. Katajamäki, Marja-Kaisa Koivula, Mika Hilvo, Mitja T. A. Lääperi, Marika J. Salminen, Anna M. Viljanen, Elisa T. M. Heikkilä, Minna K. Löppönen, Raimo E. Isoaho, Sirkka-Liisa Kivelä, Antti Jylhä, Laura Viikari, Kerttu M. Irjala, Kari J. Pulkki, Reijo M. H. Laaksonen. Ceramides and Phosphatidylcholines Associate with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly. *Clinical Chemistry* (2022). [https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897](https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897)
S.C. Chong, J.M. R. Goh, and S.K. Tan. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation on lipid profile in mild hyperlipidaemic individuals. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society* (2017). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:3
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C36:3 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
Thomas A. Lagace. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
E. R. Carlsson, K. H. Allin, S. Madsbad, et al.. Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study. *Lipids in Health and Disease* (2019). [https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7](https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7)
T. T. Katajamäki, M. K. Koivula, M. Hilvo, et al.. Ceramides and Phosphatidylcholines Associate with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly. *Clinical Chemistry* (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac158](https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac158)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:4
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C36:4 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
S. J. Childs, J. Bowlin. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation on lipid profile in mild hyperlipidaemic individuals. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society* (2017). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375)
J. P. van der Vusse, J. W. Vreugdenhil, H. M. J. M. Verhoeven, W. J. Sluiter. Oral polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine reduces plasma lipids, lipoproteins and platelet function and composition in healthy volunteers. *Agents Actions Suppl.* (1984). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3900615/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3900615/)
T. T. Katajamäki, M. K. Koivula, M. H. Hilvo, M. T. A. Lääperi, M. J. Salminen, A. M. Viljanen, E. T. M. Heikkilä, M. K. Löppönen, R. E. Isoaho, S. -L. Kivelä, A. Jylhä, L. Viikari, K. M. Irjala, K. J. Pulkki, R. M. H. Laaksonen. Ceramides and Phosphatidylcholines Associate with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly. *Clinical Chemistry* (2022). [https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897](https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C38:3
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C38:3 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
O'Sullivan, M. A., O'Sullivan, T. A., & O'Brien, N. M.. The effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation on lipid profile in mild hyperlipidaemic individuals. *Proceedings of the Nutrition Society* (2017). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/effect-of-dietary-phosphatidylcholine-supplementation-on-lipid-profile-in-mild-hyperlipidaemic-individuals/679362C100EB785B5789B300F2204375)
Katajamäki, T. T., Koivula, M. K., Hilvo, M., Lääperi, M. T. A., Salminen, M. J., Viljanen, A. M., ... & Laaksonen, R. M. H.. Ceramides and Phosphatidylcholines Associate with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly. *Clinical Chemistry* (2022). [https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897](https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897)
Lagace, T. A.. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
Nestel, P. J., Pomeroy, S., & Mori, T. A.. Oral polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine reduces plasma lipids, lipoproteins and platelet function and composition in healthy volunteers. *Atherosclerosis* (1984). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3900615/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3900615/)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C38:4
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids that make up the surface of LDL particles. PC aa C38:4 likely correlates with the number and size of LDL particles.
Thomas A. Lagace. Phosphatidylcholine: Greasing the Cholesterol Transport Machinery. *Journal of Lipid Research* (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821435/)
Taina T Katajamäki, Marja-Kaisa Koivula, Mika Hilvo, Mitja T A Lääperi, Marika J Salminen, Anna M Viljanen, Elisa T M Heikkilä, Minna K Löppönen, Raimo E Isoaho, Sirkka-Liisa Kivelä, Antti Jylhä, Laura Viikari, Kerttu M Irjala, Kari J Pulkki, Reijo M H Laaksonen. Ceramides and Phosphatidylcholines Associate with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly. *Clinical Chemistry* (2022). [https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897](https://academic.oup.com/clinchem/article/68/12/1502/6779897)
### Sphingomyelin C24:1
Sphingomyelins are sphingolipids found in LDL particles that influence their atherogenic properties. SM C24:1 levels may correlate with LDL particle characteristics.
Chen, X., Li, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, P.. Altered levels of serum sphingomyelin and ceramide containing distinct acyl chains in obesity. *Nature Communications* (2014). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nutd201438](https://www.nature.com/articles/nutd201438)