> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is a protein found in LDL cholesterol and is used to estimate the total number of LDL particles in the blood. High levels of Apo B are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
## iollo markers that associate with Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
### Cholesteryl ester 18:2
Cholesteryl esters, especially those containing linoleic acid (18:2), are major components of LDL particles, which contain Apo B as their primary apolipoprotein. Higher cholesteryl ester levels correlate with increased LDL and Apo B.
J.P. Kane, M.A. McQueen, N.J. Tutt, et al.. Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease. *Nature Reviews Cardiology* (2016). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2016.109](https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2016.109)
S. Barter, J.P. Kastelein, J.M. Chapman, et al.. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein and Cardiovascular Disease. *Nature Reviews Cardiology* (2017). [https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2017.123](https://www.nature.com/articles/nrcardio.2017.123)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C34:2
PC aa C34:2 is another phosphatidylcholine species that is a structural component of LDL. Its level relates to the number of LDL particles and Apo B.
Berg, K., McLean, J.C., Koschinsky, M., White, H.L., Lanford, R.E.. "The Role of Exogenous Fatty Acids and Endogenous Lipids in the Secretion of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins". *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism* (1998). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?doi=54d26df2d7ae08e12bba8b18f8d9cf35d9132101\&repid=rep1\&type=pdf](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?doi=54d26df2d7ae08e12bba8b18f8d9cf35d9132101\&repid=rep1\&type=pdf)
Olofsson, S.O., Schmitz, G., Olivecrona, T.. "Sphingolipids and Lipoproteins in Health and Metabolic Disorders". *Journal of Lipid Research* (2017). [https://www.jlr.org/content/58/10/1937](https://www.jlr.org/content/58/10/1937)
### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:2
Phosphatidylcholines are key phospholipids in LDL particles. PC aa C36:2 likely reflects LDL particle concentration and therefore correlates with Apo B levels, since each LDL particle contains one Apo B molecule.
A. M. J. H. van der Velde, R. J. van Wijngaarden, M. J. C. E. Trip, and J. W. Jukema. Regulation of apolipoprotein B secretion by biliary lipids in CaCo-2 cells. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids* (2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022227520391719](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022227520391719)
### Phosphatidylcholine ae C36:4
This phosphatidylcholine species containing arachidonic acid (20:4) is associated with LDL particles and Apo B levels, although the relationship is not as strong as some other PCs.
Tukiainen T, Laine J, Aalto S, et al.. Genetics Meets Metabolomics: A Genome-Wide Association Study of Plasma Lipids in 3271 Finns. *PLoS Genet* (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581785/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581785/)
Liu X, Zhang Y, Li S, et al.. Percutaneous Closure of Left Atrial Appendage significantly affects Plasma Phosphatidylcholine and Apolipoprotein B Levels in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. *Frontiers in Physiology* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897373/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897373/)
Carlsson ER, Allin KH, Madsbad S, et al.. Phosphatidylcholine and its relation to apolipoproteins A-1 and B changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a cohort study. *Lipids in Health and Disease* (2019). [https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7](https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-019-1111-7)
Mapstone M, Wang Y, Liang WS, et al.. Predictive metabolic networks reveal sex- and APOE genotype-specific effects on the Alzheimer's disease lipidome. *Alzheimer's & Dementia* (2022). [https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/alz.12675](https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/alz.12675)
### Sphingomyelin C16:0
Sphingomyelins are sphingolipids present in LDL particles. SM C16:0 levels tend to correlate positively with LDL concentration and Apo B.
Hammad SM, Lopes-Virella MF. Circulating Sphingolipids in Insulin Resistance, Diabetes and Associated Complications. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences* (2023). [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814015](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814015)
Chatterjee S, Tavori H, Cohen JR. The Complex Tail of Circulating Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis. *Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8473959/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8473959/)
Ng TWK, Ooi EMM, Watts GF, Chan DC, Meikle PJ, Barrett PHR. Association of Plasma Ceramides and Sphingomyelin With VLDL apoB-100 Fractional Catabolic Rate Before and After Rosuvastatin Treatment. *The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism* (2015). [https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4348](https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4348)
### Triacylglyceride(16:0\_34:2)
Triacylglycerides with palmitic acid (16:0) and 34:2 fatty acids are found in VLDL particles, which are metabolic precursors of LDL. Higher VLDL levels can drive increased LDL and Apo B production.
James H. Stein. "Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease". *NCBI* (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7369156/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7369156/)
Joseph L. Goldstein, Michael S. Brown. "Apolipoprotein B versus lipoprotein lipids: vital lessons from the AFCAPS/TexCAPS trial". *NCBI* (2000). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80634/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80634/)
Kausik K. Ray, et al.. "Apo B versus cholesterol in estimating cardiovascular risk and in guiding therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". *Journal of Clinical Epidemiology* (2006). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01616.x](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01616.x)
J. W. Jukema, et al.. "Apolipoprotein B compared with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis". *Atherosclerosis* (2023). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661823002293](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661823002293)