> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)*

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein involved in lipid metabolism that can affect an individual's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Genetic testing can determine an individual's ApoE genotype and associated Alzheimer's risk.

## iollo markers that associate with Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)\*

### Choline

Choline is required for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Altered choline levels may impact phospholipid components of ApoE-containing lipoproteins.

<Accordion title="References">
  Sienski, G., Narayan, P., Bonner, S.L., et al.. APOE4 disrupts intracellular lipid homeostasis in human iPSC-derived astrocytes: a potential therapeutic strategy for APOE4-related disorders. *Molecular Neurodegeneration* (2022). [https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4](https://molecularneurodegeneration.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4)

  Sundermann, E.E., et al.. Components of the choline oxidation pathway modify the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and cognitive prognosis in patients with mild dementia. *Journal of Alzheimer's Disease* (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8218593/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8218593/)
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### Lysophosphatidylcholine a C18:2

Lysophosphatidylcholines are derived from phosphatidylcholines and may reflect phospholipid remodeling in lipoproteins. Changes could be linked to ApoE which transports lipids.

<Accordion title="References">
  Shi-Hui Law, Hua-Chen Chan, Guan-Ming Ke, Swetha Kamatam, Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy, Liang-Yin Ke. Untargeted Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Lysophosphatidylcholine and Ceramide as Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences* (2023). [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086956](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086956)

  Hsin-Yi Chang, Christina E. Hughes, Luigi Ferrucci, David A. Le Couteur, Tamara B. Harris, Qian Zhang. Longitudinal associations between blood lysophosphatidylcholines and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. *European Journal of Clinical Investigation* (2022). [https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13816](https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13816)
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### Phosphatidylcholine aa C34:4

This phosphatidylcholine species is likely present in lipoproteins containing ApoE. Variations in its level could relate to ApoE-mediated lipid transport and metabolism.

<Accordion title="References">
  Elisabetta La Rosa, Riccardo Calandriello, Francesca Sarnataro, et al.. Phospholipids of APOE lipoproteins activate microglia in an isoform-dependent manner in Alzheimer's disease. *Journal of Neurochemistry* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8184801/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8184801/)
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### Phosphatidylcholine aa C36:5

Phosphatidylcholines are components of lipoproteins including those containing ApoE. Changes in phosphatidylcholine composition may reflect altered ApoE function or levels.

<Accordion title="References">
  Rhonda P. Patrick. "Role of phosphatidylcholine‐DHA in preventing APOE4-associated Alzheimer's disease". *FASEB Journal* (2018). [https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.201801412R/url](https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.201801412R/url)
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### Phosphatidylcholine aa C38:6

Phosphatidylcholines are integral to lipoprotein structure and function. Alterations in this phosphatidylcholine species may be associated with ApoE-related lipid transport or metabolism.

<Accordion title="References">
  Safari, M., Tremblay, M. E., & Gowing, G.. Lipid Dys-Homeostasis Contributes to APOE4-Associated AD Pathology. *Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience* (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9688773/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9688773/)

  Patrick, R. P.. Role of phosphatidylcholine-DHA in preventing APOE4-associated Alzheimer’s disease. *Nutrients* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338661/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6338661/)
</Accordion>