> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)

Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) are antibodies that can be present in autoimmune conditions such as lupus. The presence of ANA can help diagnose these conditions.

## iollo markers that associate with Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)

### Arachidonic acid

Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that can be metabolized into pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Increased levels of arachidonic acid and its inflammatory metabolites may contribute to the production of autoantibodies like ANA in autoimmune conditions.

<Accordion title="References">
  Not specified. Prostaglandins synthesis. *ResearchGate* (Not specified). [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Prostaglandins-synthesis-a-Conversion-of-arachidonic-acid-AA-into-prostaglandin-H-2-PGH\_fig2\_221919679](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Prostaglandins-synthesis-a-Conversion-of-arachidonic-acid-AA-into-prostaglandin-H-2-PGH_fig2_221919679)

  Emily C. Somers, John D. Meeker, and Rita K. Loch-Caruso. Mercury Exposure and Antinuclear Antibodies among Females. *NCBI* (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529012/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529012/)

  Hatem Tallima and Rashika El Ridi. Arachidonic acid: Physiological roles and potential health benefits. *NCBI* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052655/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6052655/)
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### Docosahexaenoic acid

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that helps regulate inflammation. Reduced DHA levels may promote an inflammatory state that facilitates autoantibody production and positive ANA results.

<Accordion title="References">
  Halade GV, Williams PJ, Veigas JM, Barnes JL, Fernandes G. "Therapeutic Potential of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Autoimmune Diseases". *Frontiers in Immunology* (2019). [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02241/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02241/full)

  Fernandes G, Fernandes R, Rao B, Veigas JM, Halade GV. "Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil attenuates kidney disease and prolongs median and maximal life span of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice". *Lipids in Health and Disease* (2010). [https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-511X-9-44](https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-511X-9-44)

  Fernandes G, Fernandes R, Veigas JM, Halade GV. "Omega-3 fatty acid intake suppresses induction of diverse autoantibody specificities in MRL/lpr mice". *Clinical Immunology* (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020726/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8020726/)
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### Eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties. Low levels of EPA may be associated with increased inflammation and autoimmunity, potentially contributing to elevated ANA levels.

<Accordion title="References">
  Huang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, X., & Zhou, X.. Dietary Supplementation With Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Plasma Cell Differentiation and Alleviates Lupus Symptoms in Mice. *Frontiers in Immunology* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8240640/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8240640/)
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