> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://markers.iollo.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.
# Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver damage or disease.
## iollo markers that associate with Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
### Alanine
ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate, generating pyruvate and glutamate. Elevated alanine levels may reflect increased ALT activity and liver damage.
Cleveland Clinic. Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Blood Test: What It Is, Procedure & Results. *Cleveland Clinic* (2021). [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22028-alanine-transaminase-alt](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22028-alanine-transaminase-alt)
ScienceDirect. Alanine Aminotransferase - an overview ... - ScienceDirect.com. *ScienceDirect* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/alanine-aminotransferase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/alanine-aminotransferase)
Zhong-Min Wang, et al.. Alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes: molecular cloning and quantitative .... *PLOS ONE* (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917112/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917112/)
ScienceDirect. Alanine Aminotransferase - an overview ... - ScienceDirect.com. *ScienceDirect* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alanine-aminotransferase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alanine-aminotransferase)
Michael J. Wolfe, et al.. Alanine Amino Transferase - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. *NCBI Bookshelf* (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559278/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559278/)
### Aspartic Acid
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), which is often elevated along with ALT in liver injury, catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from aspartate to α-ketoglutarate. Higher aspartate levels may occur with ALT elevations.
Zhengtao Liu, Shuping Que, Jing Xu, Tao Peng. Alanine Aminotransferase-Old Biomarker and New Concept: A Review. *NCBI* (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081315/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081315/)
### Glutamic Acid
ALT catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate, generating glutamate. Increased glutamate levels may indicate higher ALT activity and liver injury.
ScienceDirect. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) - an overview. *ScienceDirect.com* (2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alanine-aminotransferase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alanine-aminotransferase)
NCBI Bookshelf. Alanine Amino Transferase. *StatPearls* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559278/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559278/)
Zhang et al.. Alanine aminotransferase isoenzymes: molecular cloning and quantitative analysis of tissue expression. *PLoS One* (2010). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012004](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012004)
### Methionine
Abnormal methionine metabolism and elevated homocysteine are associated with liver damage and increased ALT levels. Impaired liver function affects methionine balance.
Mar 6, 2024. High methionine diet mediated oxidative stress and proteasome dysfunction in liver injuries. *Nature Communications* (2024). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55857-1](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55857-1)
ScienceDirect. Alanine Aminotransferase - an overview. *ScienceDirect Topics* (nan). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/alanine-aminotransferase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/alanine-aminotransferase)
M. A. Naudí, I. C. Marin-Aguilar, M. E. Martínez-Ruiz, et al.. Long-Term Consumption of a Methionine-Supplemented Diet Induces Liver Damage and Alters the Hepatic Proteome in Mice. *Toxicological Sciences* (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622141854](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316622141854)
T. K. H. Wong, C. S. Y. Ng, K. F. To, et al.. Therapeutic Effects of Amino Acids in Liver Diseases. *Nutrients* (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6619856/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6619856/)
A. M. James, W. E. Smiley, L. L. Han, et al.. The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers. *Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine* (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318690/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318690/)
### Phenylalanine
Liver damage impairs phenylalanine metabolism, potentially leading to higher levels. Phenylalanine elevations can occur with ALT elevations indicating hepatic dysfunction.
Xiaoyan Wang, Xiaohong Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, ..., Xiaoling Li. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase GmPAL1.1 Promotes Seed Vigor under High-Temperature and -Humidity Stress and Enhances Seed Germination under Salt and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis. *Frontiers in Plant Science* (2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9736545/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9736545/)
ScienceDirect. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. *ScienceDirect* (n.d.). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase)
M. V. Kuznetsova, A. V. Kuznetsov, E. V. Kuznetsova, ..., V. A. Kuznetsov. Study of the l-Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Penetration Kinetics and the .... *Biochemistry (Moscow)* (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999051/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999051/)
### Tyrosine
Tyrosine metabolism occurs in the liver and can be disrupted by liver injury. Elevated tyrosine levels may be seen in parallel with increased ALT.
Xu, J., Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J.. Baseline Tyrosine Level Is Associated with Dynamic Changes in FAST .... *Gastroenterology* (2023). [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(23)01214-0/fulltext/url](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085\(23\)01214-0/fulltext/url)